1. 1. © 2013 Petroch Services Pty Ltd BP Version J11002– Occupational Hygiene in the Oil & Gas Industry Occupational Hygiene in the Oil & Gas Industry Day 1 – Section 6 Hydraulic Fracking

2. 2. © 2013 Petroch Services Pty Ltd BP Version J11002– Occupational Hygiene in the Oil & Gas Industry HYDRAULIC FRACTURING – “FRACKING ” Hydraulic fracturing - fracturing of rock by pressurized liquid - Induced hydraulic fracturing or hydrofracturing, commonly known as ‘fracking’ Water is mixed with sand and chemicals, injected at high pressure into a wellbore to create small fractures (<1mm). Fluids such as gas, petroleum, uranium- bearing solution, and brine water may migrate to the well.

3. 3. © 2013 Petroch Services Pty Ltd BP Version J11002– Occupational Hygiene in the Oil & Gas Industry

4. 4. © 2013 Petroch Services Pty Ltd BP Version J11002– Occupational Hygiene in the Oil & Gas Industry Fracking - Introduction 1947 First experimental use of hydraulic fracturing 1949 First commercially successful applications 1990’s Fracking successfully applied to Barnett Shale 2010 Fracking increases worldwide - 60% all new oil/gas wells being hydraulically fractured.

5. 5. © 2013 Petroch Services Pty Ltd BP Version J11002– Occupational Hygiene in the Oil & Gas Industry Fracking – Introduction contd. 2009 More than 493,000 active natural-gas wells across 31 states in the U.S. 2012 Some 2.5 million hydraulic fracturing jobs performed on oil/ gas wells worldwide, more than one million of them in the United States.

6. 6. © 2013 Petroch Services Pty Ltd BP Version J11002– Occupational Hygiene in the Oil & Gas Industry Fracking - Controversy Supporters Economic benefits from access to vast amounts of formerly inaccessible hydrocarbons Opponents Potential environmental impacts and health effects Contamination of ground water, depletion of fresh water Risks to air quality, noise pollution Migration of gases and chemicals, surface contamination from spills and flow-back

7. 7. © 2013 Petroch Services Pty Ltd BP Version J11002– Occupational Hygiene in the Oil & Gas Industry “FRACKING” PROCESS-1 Hydraulic pressure is removed from the well, then (sand or aluminium oxide) hold these fractures open once the rock is stabilised. Common in wells for shale gas, tight gas, tight oil, and coal seam gas and hard rock wells. Well stimulation usually conducted once in the life of the well - greatly enhances fluid removal and well productivity

8. 8. © 2013 Petroch Services Pty Ltd BP Version J11002– Occupational Hygiene in the Oil & Gas Industry “FRACKING” PROCESS-2 Increasing trend towards multiple hydraulic fracturing as production declines. A different technique where only acid is injected is referred to as acidizing.

9. 9. © 2013 Petroch Services Pty Ltd BP Version J11002– Occupational Hygiene in the Oil & Gas Industry “FRACKING” WELL TYPE Conventional –Low-volume hydraulic fracturing used to stimulate high- permeability reservoirs to frac a single well. Unconventional or high-volume hydraulic fracturing –Used in the completion of tight gas and shale gas wells. –Unconventional wells are deeper and require higher pressures than conventional vertical wells. –hydraulic fracturing of vertical wells and horizontal wells. "

10. 10. © 2013 Petroch Services Pty Ltd BP Version J11002– Occupational Hygiene in the Oil & Gas Industry

11. 11. © 2013 Petroch Services Pty Ltd BP Version J11002– Occupational Hygiene in the Oil & Gas Industry FRACKING” NIOSH Fracking Assessment 2013 Hydraulic Fracturing Health Assessment Potential health exposures –Noise –Silica –Diesel exhaust –Chemical –Heat/cold stress

12. 12. © 2013 Petroch Services Pty Ltd BP Version J11002– Occupational Hygiene in the Oil & Gas Industry End of Section 6 Franking