1. Update on Armor Simulation Experiments At Dragonfire Facility Farrokh Najmabadi, John Pulsifer, Mark Tillack HAPL Meeting August 8-9, 2006 General Atomic Electronic copy: http://aries.ucsd.edu/najmabadi/TALKS UCSD IFE Web Site: http://aries.ucsd.edu/IFE

2. Summary of the Activities Homework from MWG: 1)Measure the vertical size of hills/valleys on the exposed samples Done. Issues with profiling 2)Sample test on a variety of temperatures and material. Waiting for samples from ORNL  We had found a definite change in sample response at ~2,500k. Plans from Previous Meeting: 1)Improve Experimental set up to improve overall accuracy. New sample positioning system and heater New optical train for the thermometer Capability to perform experiments with Nd:YAG (IR) and KrF (UV) lasers. In-situ and real-time optical microscopy of sample evolution Homework from MWG: 1)Measure the vertical size of hills/valleys on the exposed samples Done. Issues with profiling 2)Sample test on a variety of temperatures and material. Waiting for samples from ORNL  We had found a definite change in sample response at ~2,500k. Plans from Previous Meeting: 1)Improve Experimental set up to improve overall accuracy. New sample positioning system and heater New optical train for the thermometer Capability to perform experiments with Nd:YAG (IR) and KrF (UV) lasers. In-situ and real-time optical microscopy of sample evolution

3. Profilmetery of Exposed Samples 10 3 shots 10 5 shots 10 4 shots 11, 200mJ, 773K, Max: 3,000K (~2,200K  T)  Surface profile of samples were measure with two method: 1)Stylus profiler (advertised resolution: nm) 2)Optical profiler (advertised resolution: nm)  Results shown in the next slides are for Sample 11 at 10 4 shots.  Surface profile of samples were measure with two method: 1)Stylus profiler (advertised resolution: nm) 2)Optical profiler (advertised resolution: nm)  Results shown in the next slides are for Sample 11 at 10 4 shots.

4. Stylus and Optical Profilers Agree Quite Well for Smooth Surfaces  1D and 2D optical results give significantly different Rt  Reasonable agreement for smooth surfaces  Optical profile has lower transverse resolution  1D and 2D optical results give significantly different Rt  Reasonable agreement for smooth surfaces  Optical profile has lower transverse resolution R a =23 nm R t =173 nm 84 nm – 88 nm R a =18 nm R t =596 nm R a =14 nm R t =174 nm 150nm -90nm

5. Stylus and Optical Profilers Do NOT agree for Exposed Sample (11A)  Optical profiling is not very trustworthy over large vertical ranges, especially when sharp vertical features exist  A stylus can not penetrate as deeply into narrow cracks (100 nm max lateral resolution)  Optical profiling is not very trustworthy over large vertical ranges, especially when sharp vertical features exist  A stylus can not penetrate as deeply into narrow cracks (100 nm max lateral resolution) R a =950 nm R t =7480 nm R a =1  m R t =20  m 1.55  m – 6  m R a =285 nm R t =2250 nm -1.6  m 1.6  m

6. Surface Profile Measurement  There is a factor of four difference in Ra between Stylus and Optical profilers.  Neither profilers are “meant” to be used to measure the depth of deep cracks.  Optical microscopy/SEM of a cut section of a sample can be used to calibrate the surface profile measurement.  There is a factor of four difference in Ra between Stylus and Optical profilers.  Neither profilers are “meant” to be used to measure the depth of deep cracks.  Optical microscopy/SEM of a cut section of a sample can be used to calibrate the surface profile measurement.

7. Previous Experimental Setup Was Dictated by the High-Temperature Sample Holder High-Temperature Sample holder Thermometer head QCM RGA Laser entrance  All alignment had to be done in air.  Laser/thermometer head had to be realigned for exposure of new portion of the sample.  No control of diagnostics during the run.  No external diagnostics capability because sample was too far from windows.  All alignment had to be done in air.  Laser/thermometer head had to be realigned for exposure of new portion of the sample.  No control of diagnostics during the run.  No external diagnostics capability because sample was too far from windows.

8. New Experimental Setup New in-situ microscopy <25  m resolution large standoff K2 Infinity optics translator electronics New heater halogen lamp 100 W (300 W available) ~500˚C base temperature New external thermometer head location New optics under development New sample manipulator xy translation external control located closer to window

9. New Experimental Setup New Sample holder accepts a variety of sample sizes New Window Allow both IR and UW lasers QMS head has to be replaced because of the new arrangement

10. Precise temperature measurement requires small enough spot size and sharp image.  Two-lens formulas were used to roughly size the thermometer head and compute the spot size (~100  m).  The thermometer head was focused on the sample by coupling a diode laser to the fiber and adjusting the objective to get a sharp image. The diode laser spot was roughly centered in the middle of drive laser foot-print.  Two-lens formulas were used to roughly size the thermometer head and compute the spot size (~100  m).  The thermometer head was focused on the sample by coupling a diode laser to the fiber and adjusting the objective to get a sharp image. The diode laser spot was roughly centered in the middle of drive laser foot-print.

11. Improvements were made to the precision, resolution and repeatability of the thermometer measurements Image of calibration lamp filament 280  m image M=0.2  We are working on a new thermometer head design using free space lenses.  A CCD camera is used to focus the thermometer head correctly and find the exact spot size.  A three-lens system allows changing the spot size (help in setting the light intensity in the thermometer and allow for a larger range of temperature measurement)  The objective of the thermometer head is mounted on a translation stage which would allow sweeping the thermometer spot over the laser beam spot and measure temperature profile of the target in real time.  We are working on a new thermometer head design using free space lenses.  A CCD camera is used to focus the thermometer head correctly and find the exact spot size.  A three-lens system allows changing the spot size (help in setting the light intensity in the thermometer and allow for a larger range of temperature measurement)  The objective of the thermometer head is mounted on a translation stage which would allow sweeping the thermometer spot over the laser beam spot and measure temperature profile of the target in real time.

12. In-situ microscopy allows us to monitor microstructure evolution during testing Basler camera and K2 Infinity microscope – 1280x1024 resolution –25 fps –STD objective (higher mag available) USAF resolution target: - 64 line pairs/mm - 16  m resolution

13. The In-situ Microscopy Is Operational Nikon microscope image BCAM software running on a Windows PC  Test of in-situ microscopy was performed with another laser which does not have a smooth profile too clearly see the results.  Camera is placed vertically: laser profile is rotated by 90 o  Test of in-situ microscopy was performed with another laser which does not have a smooth profile too clearly see the results.  Camera is placed vertically: laser profile is rotated by 90 o

14. Image sequence of W surface evolution diode alignment laser

15. Plans 1)Complete New Experimental Set-up Thermometer with the new imaging system In-situ microscopy: Different lighting, shutter timing, … Demonstrate operation with KrF laser. 2)Sample runs per MWG list. 3)We generate a mountain of data before the test (cleaning and sample preparation), and during our tests (sample temperature, chamber pressure, … as a function of time) Are these data needed? If so, how should we to store and report them? 1)Complete New Experimental Set-up Thermometer with the new imaging system In-situ microscopy: Different lighting, shutter timing, … Demonstrate operation with KrF laser. 2)Sample runs per MWG list. 3)We generate a mountain of data before the test (cleaning and sample preparation), and during our tests (sample temperature, chamber pressure, … as a function of time) Are these data needed? If so, how should we to store and report them?

16. Extra Slides

17. Spatial profile of laser

19. Experimental Setup High-Temperature Sample holder Thermometer head QCM RGA Laser entrance

20. Spectroscopy Confirms Thermometer Measurements Spectroscopy confirms thermometer measurements (temperature lower than thermometer measurement due to 5 ns gate time). Emission spectra from sample with a maximum temperature of 3,250 K (not intensity calibrated) 5 ns Gate width 2 nd harmonic generation by sample

21. Sample behavior changes at ~2,500K Room Temperature Sample 500 o C Sample   5% Error size

22. Armor Irradiation Test Matrix  Laser EnergyInitial Temp (K)Max. Temp (K)  T (K) 11 2007732,9802,200 12 1007732,2001,400 13 85300~1,200~900 14 1503002,5002,200 15 1507732,7001,900 16 50773~1,200~400  Samples: Powder metallurgy tungsten samples from Lance Snead.  All shot at 10 3, 10 4, and 10 5 shots  Laser EnergyInitial Temp (K)Max. Temp (K)  T (K) 11 2007732,9802,200 12 1007732,2001,400 13 85300~1,200~900 14 1503002,5002,200 15 1507732,7001,900 16 50773~1,200~400  Samples: Powder metallurgy tungsten samples from Lance Snead.  All shot at 10 3, 10 4, and 10 5 shots  No Visible damage on Samples 13 and 16 (i.e., there is even no discoloration at the laser spot)

23. Damage appears at 2,500K (not correlated with  T) 12A, 100mJ, 773K, Max: 2,200K (~1,400K  T) 14A, 150mJ, RT, Max: 2,500K (~2,200K  T) 11A, 200mJ, 773K, Max: 3,000K (~2,200K  T) 15A, 150mJ, 773, Max: 2,700K (~1,900K  T)

24. Effects of Shot Rate and Temperature Rise 10 3 shots 10 5 shots 10 4 shots 15A, 150mJ, 773, Max: 2,700K (~1,900K  T) 14A, 150mJ, RT, Max: 2,500K (~2,200K  T)

25. Effects of Shot Rate and Temperature Rise 10 3 shots 10 5 shots 10 4 shots 14A, 150mJ, RT, Max: 2,500K (~2,200K  T) 11A, 200mJ, 773K, Max: 3,000K (~2,200K  T)

26. Summary and Plans 1) It appears that material response (powder metallurgy samples) depends sensitively on the maximum sample temperature and not on temperature rise. More sample tests (different laser energies and at least two samples per point). Test on single-crystal tungsten. Repeat experiments with KrF laser 2) Thermometer: Thermometer can measure down to 1,200 o C (i.e., 1,500 o C maximum temperature during the laser shot). A 1 MHz, steady-state thermometer has been deployed on PISCES facility. A ~10-MHz version will be developed this summer. 3) Experimental setup Experimental set up has to be modified to improve overall accuracy. QMS was operational during exposure of samples 11-15. Material accumulation on QMS crystal was similar to tests without the sample. We need to establish the baseline for material loss experiments. 1) It appears that material response (powder metallurgy samples) depends sensitively on the maximum sample temperature and not on temperature rise. More sample tests (different laser energies and at least two samples per point). Test on single-crystal tungsten. Repeat experiments with KrF laser 2) Thermometer: Thermometer can measure down to 1,200 o C (i.e., 1,500 o C maximum temperature during the laser shot). A 1 MHz, steady-state thermometer has been deployed on PISCES facility. A ~10-MHz version will be developed this summer. 3) Experimental setup Experimental set up has to be modified to improve overall accuracy. QMS was operational during exposure of samples 11-15. Material accumulation on QMS crystal was similar to tests without the sample. We need to establish the baseline for material loss experiments.

27. Experimental Setup High-Temperature Sample holder Thermometer head QCM RGA Laser entrance

28. Summary and Plans 1)It would be great if MWG provides input on experiments to be conducted, specially with the aim of cross-referencing different experiments. Run conditions Pre and post examination of samples 2)We generate a mountain of data before the test (cleaning and sample preparation), and during our tests (sample temperature, chamber pressure, … as a function of time) Are these data needed? If so, how should we to store and report them? 3)It would be great to have a standard sample size so that we do not need to modify sample holder. 1)It would be great if MWG provides input on experiments to be conducted, specially with the aim of cross-referencing different experiments. Run conditions Pre and post examination of samples 2)We generate a mountain of data before the test (cleaning and sample preparation), and during our tests (sample temperature, chamber pressure, … as a function of time) Are these data needed? If so, how should we to store and report them? 3)It would be great to have a standard sample size so that we do not need to modify sample holder.