1. “Too many people, when they get old, think that they have to live by the calendar.” John Glenn at age 77 CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 1 Themes and Issues in Adult Development and Aging

2. Biological Psychological Sociocultural Physiological factors Genetics Cognition Emotions Personality Social context History Culture biopsychosocial We organize the study of adult development and aging using the biopsychosocial perspective/model Gerontology – The study of aging from maturity through old age Identity – How people view themselves in the biological, psychological, and social domains of life

4. A person’s appearance may change, but he or she still feels the “same.” Robert L. Zentmaier/Photo Researchers, Inc. Robert L. Zentmaier/Photo Researchers, Inc. Robert L. Zentmaier/Photo Researchers, Inc. The Four Principles of Adult Development and Aging: 1. Changes are continuous over the life span

5. survivors The Four Principles of Adult Development and Aging: 2. Only the survivors grow old The survivor principle: people who become old people have managed to outlive many life-threatening events Survivors managed to avoid these 5 major threats to a long life Source: Adapted from Kamimoto, L. A., Easton, A. N., Maurice, E.,Husten, C. G., & Macera, C. A. (1999). Surveillance for five health risks among older adults—United States, 1993–1997. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports, 48(SSO8), 89–130.

6. The Four Principles of Adult Development and Aging: 3.Individuality matters; people vary within and between age groups. hippocampus E.g.: Volume of hippocampus tends to decrease with age, yet a 70-year-old person may have a hippocampus with the same volume as that of a 20-year- old. Interindividual differences: Differences between people Intra-individual differences: Variations in performance within the same individual Hippocampus Hippocampal volume

7. Primary aging Normal age-related changes Primary aging Normal age-related changes Secondary aging Disease-related impairments Secondary aging Disease-related impairments Tertiary aging Rapid decline shortly before death Tertiary aging Rapid decline shortly before death Optimal aging Changes that improve the individual’s functioning Optimal aging Changes that improve the individual’s functioning Age-related losses Age-related gains The Four Principles of Adult Development and Aging: 4. Normal aging is different from disease

8. Primary aging (normal): normal and disease-free development during adulthood Secondary aging (impaired): developmental changes that are related to disease, lifestyle, and environmentally induced changes that are not inevitable Tertiary aging: rapid losses that occur shortly before death (including mental and physical decline) There are at least 3 distinct aging processes:

9. adulthood How do you define adulthood ? - Physical development? - Drinking, driving, marriage? - Social expectations for “adult”? Emerging adulthood = 18-29 years (transition years)

10. 3 divisions of the over-65 population Young-old65-74 Old-old75-84 Oldest-old85 and older In addition, there are: Centenarians (100-109) Super-centenarians (110+)

11. What is the meaning of age? Chronological age: age in years since birth Perceived age: the age you think of yourself as

12. Biological age: Where one’s organ systems are in relation to possible life span Heart rate Blood pressure Glucose levels Muscle and bone strength Psychological age: Cognitive levels (psychological testing) Reaction time Learning ability Memory Intelligence Social age: refers to expected roles one has in relation to others Parental, grandparental status Work role Retirement status Functional Functional age offers advantages over chronological age ©Sean Justice/Corbis ©Annabella Bluesky/Photo Researchers, Inc. ©Catherine Yeulet/iStockphoto

13. personal aging social aging Theories separate personal aging from social aging Personal aging= Changes that occur within the individual, reflecting time’s effects on the body Social aging= Effects of person’s exposure to a changing environment

14. Influences Influences on development fall into 3 categories: Normative age-graded influences: Ages expected to be associated with certain life events Normative history-graded influences: Events that most people in a specific culture experience at the same time. Non-normative influences: Random, idiosyncratic events that occur throughout life

15. Key social factors Key social factors in adult development and aging:  Sex and gender  Sex= Biological determinants of being male or female  Gender= How one identifies as being male or female 65+ US women 2010= 58% 2050= 56% 65+ US men 2010= 42% 2050= 44%

16. Key social factors Key social factors in adult development and aging:  Race  Classification as a member of a certain group with shared biological traits  Sometimes used to denote cultural background (ethnicity)  Ethnicity  One’s cultural background, including values and attitudes

17. Key social factors Key social factors in adult development and aging:  Socioeconomic status (SES)  Social class involves education level, occupation, income, neighborhood  Religion: an individual’s identification with an organized belief system

18. The age-sex structure provides a quick snapshot of the changing population in the U.S. from 2010-50. Source: Vincent, G. K., & Velkoff, V. A. (2010). The next four decades. The older population in the United States: 2010 to 2050. Current Population Reports. Retrieved from http://www.census.gov/prod/2010pubs/p25- 1138.pdf Baby Boomers (born between 1946 and 1964) Grow Up

19. Overall 65+ 2010- 40.3 million (13% US pop) 2050- 83.7 million (21% US pop) Source: Federal Interagency Forum on Age-Related Statistics. (2012). Older Americans 2010: Key indicators of well-being, from http://www.agingstats.gov/agingstatsdotnet/Main Site/Data/2010 Documents/Docs/OA 2010.pdf

20. CA has highest NUMBER FL has highest PERCENT Source: Administration on Aging. (2012). A profile of older Americans: 2011.Retrieved fromhttp://www.aoa.gov/aoaroot/aging statistics/Profile/2011/docs/2011profile.pdf

21. life expectancy Changes in life expectancy account for increases in 65+ What is the human life span? Life expectancy Average length of life for people born in a particular time interval Life span Maximum age for a given species vs.

22. Health expectancy: Health expectancy: number of years person can live in good health compression of morbidity (also called compression of morbidity)—the burden on society can be reduced if people become disabled closer to their death

23. Aging around the world Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

24. Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census. (2009). Census Bureau Reports World’s Older Population Projected to Triple by 2050. Retrieved from http://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/releases/archives/international population/013882.html