1. Gaining from Migration: a Case Study on Greece Migration and Development: A Euro-Mediterranean Perspective Rhodes 26 April 2007 Theodora Xenogiani OECD Development Centre

2. Labour Market Outcomes of Foreign Workers Occupation Sector of work Employment, unemployment and participation rates Wages Job stability Contrary to the experience of Northern European countries, immigrants in Greece have higher employment and participation rates than natives

3. Occupation at Work Immigrant workers are highly segregated in specific occupations. Half of them would have to change jobs for their distribution to be the same as that of natives Half of foreign men are craft and related trades workers 57% of foreign women are employed in elementary occupations The share of foreign workers employed as managers and professionals has decreased substantially between 1993 and 2006

4. Sector of Work: Foreign Men 19932006 Agriculture, hunting and Forestry4.77.8 Fishing0.50.1 Mining and quarrying0.20.4 Manufacturing26.818.0 Electricity, gas and water supply0.50.4 Construction26.449.3 Wholesale and retail trade; vehicle repair15.18.8 Hotels and restaurants6.57.1 Transport, storage, communications4.52.5 Financial intermediation1.10.0 Real estate, renting and business activities4.42.2 Public administration and defense1.50.6 Education2.30.4 Health and social work1.50.5 Other service activities3.11.0 Private households with employees0.70.9 Source: LFS 2006b Immigrants represent 26% of total employment in construction. Their share was only 3% in 1993

5. Sector of Work: Foreign Women 19932006 Agriculture, hunting and Forestry5.25.9 Fishing0.80.0 Manufacturing15.48.7 Construction0.80.9 Wholesale and retail trade; vehicle repair9.77.2 Hotels and restaurants12.016.3 Transport, storage, communications3.70.6 Financial intermediation0.80.7 Real estate, renting and business activities5.85.2 Public administration and defense1.40.0 Education9.91.8 Health and social work3.03.5 Other service activities5.52.9 Private households with employees25.746.3 extra-territorial organisations0.40.2 Source: LFS 2006b 71% of female domestic employees are foreigners

6. Labour Market Outcomes Controlling for basic characteristics…: Foreign men have higher employment and labour market participation rates than Greek men Foreign men and women do not have higher than natives unemployment rates But…both foreign men and women are less likely to hold permanent jobs

7. Foreign-Natives Gaps in Labour Market Outcomes MenWomenMenWomen Participation=1Permanent Job=1 Foreign0.080.019-0.287-0.47 Citizen=1 (0.012)**(0.033) (0.039)** (0.047)** Observations5068532922461672 EmploymentUnemployment Foreign0.1240.005-0.0170.01 Citizen=1(0.018)**(0.033)(0.01)(0.014) Observations5068532950375329 Source: SILC 2004

8. Foreign-Natives Gaps in Wages Source: SILC 2004 Log (Wages) Men Women Foreign -0.184-0.116-0.384-0.159 Citizen=1 (0.028)** (0.029)** (0.042)** (0.044)** Occupation Dummies noyesnoyes Observations 2251 1672

9. Foreign-Natives Gaps in Wages Substantial wage gaps between foreign nationals and Greek nationals, over the period 1999-2005 Significant drop in wage gap after 2003

10. Understanding the Wage Gap The wage gaps between immigrant and Greek men are mostly explained by differences in the returns to their characteristics and not differences in their actual characteristics. The opposite is true for women.

11. Thank you! Ευχαριστώ! www. oecd.org/dev www.oecd.org/dev/migration