1. Stock Valuation Chapter 9.1,9.2

2. Outline Investing in stocks – Capital gains, dividend yield, return The Constant Dividend Growth Model The Dividend and Growth Tradeoff The DGM with Changing Growth rates Further problems

3. Investing in Stocks

4. A One-Year Investor There are two potential sources of cash flows form owning a stock: The firm might pay out cash to shareholders in the form of dividends The investor can generate cash flows by selling shares at some future date The investor pays the current price P 0 and at the end of the year expects to receive dividend Div 1 and to sell the stock at P 1

5. Equity Cost of Capital Both potential sources of cash flows form owning a stock are risky Dividends change overtime Stock prices fluctuate considerably Equity investors demand compensation for this higher risk and require a risk-premium as reflected in the: Equity cost of capital r E

6. Capital Gains and Dividend Yield The expected one-period total return on investment in a stock is the sum of the expected capital gain yield and dividend yield Dividend Yield Capital Gain Rate Total return on the stock

7. Dividend Yield for stocks in the Dow Jones Industrial Average (2013) 5.31% 3.9%2.41% 3.04% 2.28% 1.10%

8. Dividend Yield for stocks in the Dow Jones Industrial Average (2014) http://indexarb.com/dividendYieldSorteddj.html

9. Dividend Yield for stocks in the Nasdaq 100 (2014)

10. Stock Prices and Returns

11. A Two Year Investment Suppose that the investor wishes to hold the stock for two years Setting the stock price equal to the present value of future cash flows implies

12. “N” Year Investment Suppose that the investor wishes to hold the stock for n years Dividend Discount Model In Efficient Markets

13. The Constant Dividend Growth Model

14. Stock Valuation with Constant Growth The simplest approach is to assume that Dividends grow over time with a constant growth rate, g, forever Constant Dividend Growth Model

15. Calculating Stock Price

16. Calculating the Required Return on Equity for GE’s Stock Applying the Constant Dividend Growth Model

17. Historical Stock Price Stock price appreciation (from $48.8 to $24.22): -50%

18. How can we use the constant dividend growth model to estimate the return investors require on holding the stock of GE? We know the current stock price We need to know the Dividend Next Year We can estimate the growth rate

19. Stock price Constant Dividend Growth: Application GE

20. Historical Dividends

21. Dividends per-share (Dec 2000 – Sept 2013)

22. Average annual dividend growth (2000-2013): g = 6.854%

23. Using growth rate 6.854% implies the following Dividend next year: Using the CDGM and the above information we derive the implied return on equity:

24. The Dividend and Growth Tradeoff (within the Constant Dividend Growth model)

25. Dividends and Growth The stock price increases with the level of dividends and the growth rate What determines the level of growth? Can management increase the share price by changing its dividend policy?

26. A Simple Model of Growth Dividends are paid out of earnings according to the dividend payout rate Cash flows that are not paid out as dividends are retained Retention Rate = 1- Dividend payout rate

27. Dividends and Investment The firm can pay a higher current dividend by increasing its payout rate How would a higher payout rate affect future dividends? Earnings year nEarnings year n+1 Div nNew Investment n Div n+1 New Investment n+1

28. Calculating the Growth Rate of Earnins

29. Cutting Dividends for Profitable Growth

32. Second Example

33. Comparing the two alternatives

34. Stocks in Nasdaq 100 that have zero dividends

35. The DGM with changing Growth Rates

36. Changing Growth Rates Often firms’ growth rates change overtime: Young firms tend to retain a high fraction of earnings in order to take advantage of investment opportunities and as a result have high earnings growth rates As firms mature, their growth slows to rates more typical of established companies. At that point, their earnings exceed their investment needs and they begin to pay dividends

37. Discounted Dividend Model with Constant Long-Term Growth When growth rates only stabilize at a constant level “g” after period “N+1” ends we value according to: Where the future price P N (or Terminal Value) is

38. Varying Growth Rate

41. Further Problems

42. Acap Corporation Question 3 (2 nd Edition) Suppose Acap Corporation will pay a dividend of $2.80 per share at the end of this year and $3 per share next year. You expect Acap’s stock price to be $52 in two years. If Acap’s equity cost of capital is 10%: a.What price would you be willing to pay for a share of Acap stock today, if you planned to hold the stock for two years? b.Suppose instead you plan to hold the stock for one year. What price would you expect to be able to sell a share of Acap stock for in one year? c.Given your answer in part (b), what price would you be willing to pay for a share of Acap stock today, if you planned to hold the stock for one year? How does this compare to your answer in part (a)?

43. Acap Corporation Buy and hold for two years Price one year from now

44. Colgate-Palmolive Question 12 (2 nd Edition): Colgate-Palmolive Company has just paid an annual dividend of $0.96. Analysts are predicting an 11% per year growth rate in earnings over the next five years. After then, Colgate’s earnings are expected to grow at the current industry average of 5.2% per year. If Colgate’s equity cost of capital is 8.5% per year and its dividend payout ratio remains constant, what price does the dividend-discount model predict Colgate Stock should sell for?

45. Colgate-Palmolive Expected price time 5 Current Price