1. Immigration and « Fortress Europe »: should it be encouraged or contained? Places of origin Transit places Gateways / doors Arrival: a new beginning? Fortress Europe: a solution? What solutions?

2. Places of origin: mostly African regions.

3. Transit places: Northern Africa, Eastern Europe…

4. Mediterranean gateways: Up to 1,500 illegal immigrants / week. Cyprus cannot channel the flow of immigrants

5. Melilla Ceuta Hundreds of immigrants jumped over the walls of the border and many of them injured themselves. In order to solve this situation, the government decided to send the army near to the border and now the situation is almost normalized.

6. Fortress Europe: are sanctions andtechnologies the solution? Biometric techniques (iris recognition) « The problem now arises from the immigrant’s centers. NGOs are forbidden and there is major delinquency » (wordpress.com) Reconduction to the border DNA controls? Stronger radar technology

7. Refugees and asylum seakers: welcome today? “Asylum is a fundamental right; granting it is an international obligation, first recognized in the 1951 Geneva Convention on the protection of refugees.” (EuropeanUnion.eu) In 2009, half of the asylum applicants came from ten countries, mainly Afghanistan, Russia, Iraq, Somalia, Kosovo, Nigeria… The total number of applicants reaches 260,000, a quarter of whom is made of minors. 12,000 are unaccompanied children, mainly from Afghanistan.