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Interpersonal Processes That Contribute to Depression

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Presentation on theme: "Interpersonal Processes That Contribute to Depression"— Presentation transcript:

1 Interpersonal Processes That Contribute to Depression
John Vitkus, Ph.D. Cleveland Clinic Foundation John Vitkus, Ph.D. Cleveland Clinic Foundation

2 A Tale of Two Theories The Interpersonal Circle
Sex-Differences in Communication

3 Theory 1: Interpersonal Theory and The Interpersonal Circle
1913, George Herbert Mead 1938, Harry Stack Sullivan 1957, Timothy Leary 1974, Lorna Benjamin 1983, Donald Kiesler 2002, G. Scott Acton and William Revelle

4 Dimension 1: Affiliation
Hostile Friendly

5 Dimension 2: Control Dominant Dominant Submissive

6 A Two-Dimensional Model
Dominant Hostile Friendly Submissive

7 Mapping Behaviors on the Model
order meddle criticize advise scold assist attack reject love withdraw request sulk disclose apologize acquiesce obey

8 A Circumplex Arrangement

9 The Interpersonal Circumplex
Dominant Hostile Friendly Submissive

10 Typical Interaction Patterns
Dominant Accusing the partner Offering advice Hostile Friendly Asking for help Justifying oneself Submissive

11 The Principle of Complementarity Robert Carson, Any particular behavior tends to elicit a response that is similar in its level of affiliation, but opposite in its level of control.

12 The Interpersonal Circle
Dominant Hostile Friendly Submissive

13 Theory 2: Sex-Differences in Communication
1990, Deborah Tannen: You Just Don’t Understand 1992, John Gray Men are from Mars, Women are from Venus

14 For Women: Primary motive for communication:
To establish and maintain relationships. Primary method of communication “rapport talk”

15 For Men: Primary motive for communication:
To establish and maintain status. Primary method of communication “report talk”

16 Examples of sex-differences
Asking for directions The speed up signal Parenting

17 Dominant Hostile Friendly Submissive

18 Women conceptualize communication first along the dimension of Affiliation
Hostile Friendly

19 Men conceptualize communication first along the dimension of Control
Dominant Submissive

20 “You need to watch your cholesterol.”
An example from her: “You need to watch your cholesterol.”

21 Dominant Loving advice Hostile Friendly Submissive

22 Dominant Loving advice Hostile Friendly Grateful compliance Submissive

23 What she expects to hear:
“Thanks. I’ll watch what I eat. I appreciate your concern for my health.”

24 A woman sees affiliation . . .
Dominant Loving advice Hostile Friendly Submissive

25 But a man sees control . . . Dominant Hostile Friendly Submissive
Loving advice Hostile Friendly Submissive

26 What she sometimes hears:
“Quit nagging!”

27 Dominant Frustrated criticism Hostile Friendly Submissive

28 A man sees control . . . Dominant Hostile Friendly Submissive
Frustrated criticism Hostile Friendly Submissive

29 But a woman sees rejection . . .
Dominant Frustrated criticism Hostile Friendly Submissive

30 Male Preference for Interpersonal Communication
Dominant Hostile Friendly Submissive

31 Female Preference for Interpersonal Communication
Dominant Hostile Friendly Submissive

32 A Healthy Exchange Model of Interpersonal Communication
Dominant Hostile Friendly Submissive

33 An Insecure Male/Passive Female Pattern
Dominant Hostile Friendly Submissive

34 An Interpersonal/Sex-Differences Model of Depression
Dominant Hostile Friendly Submissive


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