1. CHAPTER 12: SERVICES
In MDCs most workers are employed in the tertiary sector of the economy, which is the provision of goods and services. There is a close relationship between services and settlements; most services are clustered in settlements. Beyond that they are also clustered in MDCs because that is where people are more likely to be able to buy services, rather than LDCs. Within MDCs business services locate in large settlements that are also the key markets. This chapter concludes by addressing why services cluster downtown.

2. Key Issue 1—Where Did Services Originate?
Cities and Urban Land Use
Functional character of contemporary cities
Changing employment mix
In North America, ¾ of employees work in the service sector
There are three types of services: consumer, business, and public.

3. Consumer services provide services to individual consumers and include retail and personal services
Retail – provide about 11% of all U.S. jobs and provide jobs of consumers
other consumer services – education, health, and leisure and hospitality services
Business services help other businesses and include financial, professional, transportation, communication, and utility services; they diffuse and distribute services.

4. Public Services, which include governmental services at various levels, and provide security.
Secondary sector activities have declined during the 20th century.
Employment has increased most rapidly in personal and producer services.
Public services have increased at the slowest rate.

5. Employment Change in U.S.
Fig 12-2: Growth in employment in the U.S. since 1970 has been entirely in the tertiary sector, with the greatest increase in professional services.
Fig 12-2: Growth in employment in the U.S. since 1970 has been entirely in the tertiary sector, with the greatest increase in professional services.

6. Agriculture and Rural Land Use Rural land use and settlement patterns
Settlement patterns associated with major
agricultural types
Large percentage of world’s population still practice agriculture and live in rural settlements
Clustered rural settlements – families live close to one another and fields surround houses and farm buildings.
Dispersed rural settlements – farmers live on individual farms and are more isolated from neighbors.

7. Circular rural settlements consist of a central open space surrounded by buildings.
The medieval German Gewandorf settlements and East African Massi Villages are examples of circular settlements.
Linear rural settlements are clustered along transportation like roads or rivers.
In North America most linear settlements can be traced to the original French longlot or seigneurial pattern.

8. Dispersed rural settlements are more associated with more recent agricultural settlements in the developed world.
In some European countries clustered patterns were converted to dispersed settlements.
The rural enclosure movement that accompanied the Industrial Revolution in Britain is a good example of this transition.
It provided greater efficiency in an agricultural world that relied on fewer farmers.

9. Rural Settlement Patterns
Fig. 12-4: Circular settlement patterns are common in Germany. Linear “long lot” patterns are often found along rivers in France, and were transferred to Québec.

10. Clustered rural settlement

11. Dispersed rural settlements

12. Clustered New England Town
Newfane, Vermont is a clustered settlement with public buildings built around a common.

13. Key Issue 2—Why Are Consumer Services Distributed in a Regular Pattern?
Consumer services are generally provided in a regular pattern based on size of settlements, with larger settlements offering more than smaller ones.
Central Place Theory examines the relationship between settlements of different sizes, especially their ability to provide various goods and services.

14. Central Place Theory
Fig. 12-7: Market areas are arranged into a regular pattern according to central place theory, with larger settlements fewer in number and further apart.

15. It was developed by Walter Christaller in the 1930s and was based on his studies of settle patterns in southern Germany.
A service will have a market or hinterland of potential customers.
Each urban settlement will have a market area, assuming that people will get services from the nearest settlement.
Range – maximum distance people travel for services, threshold – minimum number of people needed to support a service

16. These concepts are used to analyze potential market areas.
gravity model – predicts that the best location for a service, number of people in an area, distance people must travel
Services and settlements are hierarchical, and larger settlements will provide services that have larger thresholds, ranges, and market areas than smaller settlements.

17. Central place theory shows market in MDCs as a series of hexagons of various sizes.
Geographers have observed that, in many MDCs, there is sometimes a regular hierarchy of settlements from largest to smallest.
This is the rank size rule, where a country’s nth-largest settlements is 1/nth the population of the largest settlement.

18. So the second largest city would be half the size of the largest.
The hierarchy of towns and cities in the United States follows the rank size rule fairly well, which shows that goods and services are provided to consumers at many levels throughout the country.
Many LDCs as well as some European countries follow the primate city rule rather than the rank size rule.

19. A primate city is much larger and more important than any other city in that country.
This is true of Buenos Aires, Argentina, and Copenhagen, Denmark.
In settlements at the lower end of the central place hierarchy, periodic markets may be set up.
These are a collection of individual vendors who offer goods at specific locations one or two times a week. They exist all over the globe.

20. Market Areas as Hexagons
Fig. 12-5: Hexagons are often used to delineate market areas because they are a compromise between circles, which have edges equidistant from the center but leave gaps, and squares, which don’t leave gaps but whose edges are not equidistant from the center.

21. Optimal Location (for Pizza-Delivery Service)
Fig. 12-6: The optimal location for a pizza delivery shop with seven potential customers in a linear settlement (top) and with 99 families in apartment buildings (bottom).

22. Market Areas for Supermarkets
Fig. 12-8a: Market area, range, and threshold for Kroger supermarkets in Dayton, Ohio.

23. Market Areas for Convenience Stores
Fig. 12-8b: Market area, range, and threshold for UDF convenience stores in Dayton, Ohio.

24. Rank-Size Distribution of Cities
Fig. 12-9: Cities in the U.S. closely follow the rank-size distribution, as indicated by the almost straight line on this log scale. In Romania, there are few settlements in two size ranges.

25. Key Issue 3—Why Do Business Services Locate in Large Settlements?
There have been major urban settlements in different parts of the world since ancient times, including Mesopotamia, Greece, and Rome.
In ancient Greece city-states such as Athens and Sparta emerged.
This included the city and surrounding countryside or hinterland.

26. Cities in the Roman world, especially Rome, were important centers of administration, trade, culture, and a host of other services.
Urbanization declined with the fall of Rome and didn’t reemerge until the 11th century.
From the time of the fall of Rome until the Industrial Revolution the largest cities in the world were in Asia.

27. Ancient Ur
Fig : Ur, in modern day Iraq, was one of the earliest urban settlements. The ziggurat, or stepped temple, was surrounded by a dense network of residences.

28. Athens, Greece
Fig : The hilltop site of the Acropolis, dating to about 500 BC, still dominates the skyline of modern Athens.

29. Athens, Greece
The hilltop site of the Acropolis, dating to about 500 BC, still dominates the skyline of modern Athens.

30. Brugge, Belgium
Fig : Brugge (or Bruges) was a major port and wool manufacturing center from the 12th century. It is marked by squares surrounded by public buildings.

31. Carcassonne, France
Medieval European cities such as Carcassonne, in southwestern France, were often surrounded by walls for protection.

32. Paris
Fig : Paris was originally surrounded by walls which were expanded to include new neighborhoods as the city grew.

33. Modern world cities offer business services, especially financial services.
They also have retail services with huge market areas, such as leisure and cultural services of national importance.
World cities are also centers of national and international power.
New York is the headquarters of the United Nations, and Brussels is one of the headquarter cities of the European Union.

34. Four levels of cities have been identified by geographers.
These are world cities, regional command and control centers, specialized producer-service centers, and dependent centers.
London, New York, and Tokyo are at the top of the hierarchy of world cities.
They are unique in that they all have important international stock exchanges.

35. There are also second and third tier world cities.
Command and control centers contain the headquarters of large corporations, and concentrations of a variety of business services.
There are regional centers like Atlanta, and Boston, and subregional centers such as Charlotte and Des Moines.

36. Specialized producer-service centers have management and research and development activities associated with specific industries.
Detroit is a specialized producer-service center specializing in motor vehicles.
As the term suggest, dependent centers depend on decisions made in world cities for their economic well-being.
They provide relatively unskilled jobs.

37. San Diego is an industrial and military dependent center.
Basic industries are exported mainly to consumers outside a settlement and constitutes that community’s economic base.
These industries employ a large percentage of a community’s workforce.
Nonbasic industries are usually consumed within that community.

38. Basic industries are vital to the economic health to a settlement.
The concept of basic industries originally referred to the secondary sector of the economy, such as manufacturing but in a postindustrial society such as the United States, they are now more likely to be in the service sector of the economy.

39. Hierarchy of World Cities
Fig : London, New York, and Tokyo are the dominant world cities in the global economy. Other major and secondary world cities play lesser roles.

40. Business Service Cities in the U.S.
Fig : Below the world cities in the hierarchy of U.S. cities are command & control centers, specialized producer-service centers, and dependent centers.

41. Economic Base of U.S. Cities
Fig : Cities that have a high proportion of their labor force engaged in the specified economic activity shown.

42. Cities with High Talent Levels
Fig a: Cities with high levels of talent (measured by percent of scientists, professionals, and college-educated).

43. Cities with High Diversity
Fig b: Cities with high levels of diversity (measured by cultural facilities, % gay population, and a coolness index).

44. Key Issue 4—Why Do Services Cluster Downtown?
The central business district (CBD) is the center of a city where services have traditionally clustered.
Three types of retail services have concentrated in the center they require accessibility.
These include services with a high threshold, long range, and those that serve people who work in the center.

45. A large department store is a service with a high threshold.
Retail services with a high range are specialized shops that are patronized infrequently.
Both of these types of services have moved in large numbers to suburban locations in recent years.

46. Services that cater to people working in the CBD have remained in this location and have actually expanded, especially where CBDs have been revitalized.
Business services such as advertising and banking have also remained clustered in the CBD.
Manufacturing has declined in the MDCs in these areas.

47. Industries that have not closed have moved to their operations to the suburbs where they can take advantage of cheaper land.
Residents have also moved away form the CBDs.
Pull factors have lured them to the suburbs; the crime and poverty of central cities have acted as a push factor.
Land cost in the CBD are very high because of competition for accessibility.

48. The land use is more intensive and character of buildings is more vertical than other urban areas, both above and below ground.
Infrastructure, including transportation and utilities, run underground.
Skyscrapers give the central city its distinctive image.

49. Washington D. C. , is the only large U. S
Washington D.C., is the only large U.S. CBD that does not have skyscrapers because no building is allowed to be higher than the Capital dome.
European CBDs are visibly very different because they have tried to preserve their historic cores by limiting high-rise buildings.
North American suburbs are no longer just areas of residential growth.

50. Businesses have moved to the suburbs.
Retailing has become concentrated in the suburban malls.
Factories and offices have also moved to the suburbia because of lower rents.

51. CBD of Charlotte, NC
Fig : Charlotte’s CBD is dominated by retail and office buildings. Public and semipublic buildings are also in the downtown area.

52. Charlotte, North Carolina

53. Faneuil Hall, Boston
Faneuil Hall Marketplace was originally built in 1742 and was renovated in the 1970s into a popular retail center.

54. Dublin, Ireland
Retail services in Grafton Street, Dublin. European cities have retained consumer services in the CBD.

55. London, England
St. Paul’s Cathedral, designed in 1673, dominates the skyline of central London

56. Retail Centers in Atlanta
Fig : Most shopping malls in Atlanta and other cities are in the suburbs. The ideal location is near an interchange on an interstate highway beltway circling the city.

57. Shopping Center, Syracuse, N.Y.
Suburban shopping mall in Syracuse, N.Y. Retail services in most American cities have moved to suburban malls.