1. Dramatic Social changes and Higher Education Reforms in China Wang Yingjie Beijing Normal University wangyj@bnu.edu.cn

2. 1.Changes in national economy 2.Changes of government roles 3.Transformation of a Closed Society into an Open Society 4.Changes in Family Dramatic Changes of Chinese Society

3. 1.Transformation from planning economy to market economy 2.Fast growth: the average annual growth rate of GDP is 7.8% between 1978 and 2012. Changes in national economy

4. The proportions of labor force working in the primary, secondary and third industry were respectively 14.39%, 45.15% and 40.46% in 2001, and they changed to 10.12%, 46.78%, and 43.10% in 2011. 3. Flowing of Labor Force

6.  The knowledge-based economy had its first step in China.  Enterprises have to turn labor-intensive mode of production into the technology-intensive one. 4. Transformation of Production Modes

7.  The gap of development levels between coastal and frontier areas is enlarging.  The income difference between urban and rural areas and among different social groups is getting worse. 5. Unbalanced Development and Enlarged Income Gap

8. 1. The policy making process is more decentralized. 2. The government confines its roles to making policy and providing supervision, guidance or service. Transformation of Government Roles

9. 1. China shares 11.1% of the world total amount of import and export in 2012. Transformation of a Closed Society into an Open Society

10. 2. The internet has been widely used.

11.  Coca-Cola is one of the most popular soft drinks. McDonald and Kentucky Fried Chicken are widely spread over China. Nike shoes and fashion blue jeans are new fashions.  Hollywood movies, Korean pop singers, Japanese cartoons and game software are very popular among youngsters. 3. American living style and Western culture also came in.

12. 1. Declining of Population Growth Rate and Shrinking of Family Size  China ’ s population growth rate has been declining continuously. It was 15.04 ‰ in 1989 and declined to 4.79 ‰ in 2011.  The average family size was 2.9 in urban areas and 4 in rural areas in 2008. Changes in Family

13. 2. Increasing of Divorce Rate 9.059million Couples got married and 1.693 million couples divorced in 2012. 3. Disposable Family Income Increased The disposable income per capita in urban areas was 1374 yuan in 1989 and 24565yuan in 2012, and the net income per capita was 602 yuan in rural areas in 1989 and 7917 yuan in 2012.

14. School Structure of China

15. 1. Huge size  There are 2358 regular colleges and universities, 68.881 thousand general secondary schools, 13.872 thousand vocational secondary schools, and 257.41 thousand primary schools in 2010.  There are 23.856 million college and university students, 77.032 million general secondary school students, 22.385 million vocational secondary school students, and 99.407 million primary school pupils in 2010.  There are 1.343 million college instructors, 5.042 million general secondary school teachers, 309 thousand vocational secondary school teachers, and 5.617 million primary school teachers in 2010. Context for Higher Education Development in China

16.  The net enrollment rate of primary school reached 99.7% in 2010.  The promotion rates of primary school graduates and lower secondary school graduate were respectively 98.7% and 87.5% in 2010.  The gross enrollment rate of higher education was 24.2% in 2009. 2. Great Achievement

17.  The public expenditure on education has been 2.3% of GNP, and was 4% of GDP in 2012.  The world best schools can be found in coastal areas, but there are collapsing classrooms and schools without basic equipments in frontier areas. The enrollment rates at higher education level vary greatly among different areas. 3. Severe Lack of Fund and Unbalanced Development

18. Current-fund Expenditure per college Student in Some Provinces and Autonomous Regions (2008) (in yuan)

19. Schooling is a means of transmitting national culture, but meanwhile is restricted by the national culture.  The unique mission of schools is to pass examinations.  The main focus of instruction is to transmit systematically knowledge.  The society and schools all believe that forced learning is necessary.  Teachers are in the center of learning process. 3. Long cultural traditions

20. Challenges and problems  Uneven distribution of access throughout the nation  Balance between quantity and quality  Rising of enrollment and declining of the supporting ability of the government  Employment of graduates

21.  211 Project — 100 top universities for the 21 st century  985 Project — special support for those institutions with the potential to be world- class universities Peking and Tsinghua Fudan, China University of Science and Technology, Harbin University of Technology, Nanjing, Shanghai Jiaotong, Xi ’ an Jiaotong, Zhejiang Beijing Normal, Nankai, Sichuan, Xiamen, etc. for total of 38 Building World-class Universities

22. Examples of Special Government Grants (985 Project)  First three-year round of funding Peking and Tsinghua--$225M ($75M per year)  In 2003, Peking University annual operating budget was about $250M, so $75M more was an increase of 30%

23. Challenges and problems  Accountability vs. autonomy  Quantity vs. quality (elite or mass?)  Comprehensiveness vs. special focus  Efficiency vs. collegiality  Within or beyond ivory tower

24.  Tuition has been charged since 1995.  The funding sources have been diversified.  Private higher education institutions have been developed very fast. Commercialization of Higher Education

25. Current-fund Revenue of Institutions of Higher Education by sources(2010)

27. Challenges and problems  The nature and missions of higher education institutions  Subsidy system for poor students  Collegiate environment  Unbalanced development among different fields.  Government role in the development of higher education

28.  Academic power versus administration power  Faculty appointment system  Contract system  “ Up or out ” policy  Faculty assessment and merit pay Reforms of higher education administration system

29.  Challenges and problems  Selection and roles of presidents  Erosion of department power  Depression of faculty

30.  Offering majors according to market demands  Adoption of credit system  Strengthening general education  Offering more elective courses  Putting students in the center of learning process Curriculum and instructional reforms

31. Challenges and problems University’s central mission: teaching or research?  Students ’ high demands versus faculty inertia  Fast social changes versus college inertia  Students ’ long term needs versus their employment need

32.  China must produce more people who have an international understanding and appreciate cultural differences among nations.  China has to face the challenges brought by the flowing of the educational resources across national borders.  China has to adopt international standards and learn the international language.  What is the role of the university in maintaining the national identity? Internationalization of higher education

33. Data on learners studying abroad and returnees in 1998 and 2004 Year 1998199920002001200220032004 Number of returnees 7,3797,4489,12112,24318,00020,10025,100 Number of learners studying abroad 17,62223,74938,98983,973125,000117,300114,700 Percentage (%) 41.8831.3623.4914.5814.4017.1421.83

34. Table 1. Enrolment of International Students in China by Levels of Education (1998 – 2004) yearTotal I Number of students pursuing bachelor degrees II II/I ( %)Number of graduate students III III/I (%) 199843,08411,36226.42,7576.4 199944,71111,47925.72,8966.5 200052,15013,70326.33,2516.2 200161,86916,65026.93,5715.8 200285,82921,05524.54,2475.0 200377,71524,61631.75,0346.5 2004110,84431,61628.55,8155.2

35. Challenges and problems  Internationalization or Americanization  Internationalization vs. localization  International perspectives vs. local solution  global villager vs. national identity

36. The Chinese society is changing dramatically, but higher education institutions can not match the changes or meet the demands of people. There is an urgent need for higher educational reform. Conclusion