1. PHAR2811 Lecture Amino acids as drug targets COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA Copyright Regulation WARNING This material has been reproduced and communicated to you by or on behalf of the University of Sydney pursuant to Part VB of the Copyright Act 1968 (the Act). The material in this communication may be subject to copyright under the Act. Any further reproduction or communication of this material by you may be the subject of copyright protection under the Act. Do not remove this notice

2. Amino Acid derivatives Adrenalin/epinephrine Serotonin GABA Histamine Dopa & dopamine thyroxin

3. The Catecholamine Family L-dopa Dopamine Noradrenalin or Norepinephrine Adrenalin or epinephrine

4. The Catecholamine Family

5. decarboxylation hydroxylationmethylation

6. The Catecholamine Family Family members act as neurotransmitters in the brain and hormones in the circulatory system Produced in adrenal medulla and sympathetic neurons The pools are kept separate by the blood brain barrier

7. Acting as hormones The flight or fight response Adrenalin and noradrenalin are produced in the adrenal medulla and stored in granules Released into the circulation by stimuli from the sympathetic nervous system They bind to specific receptors

8. Adrenergic receptors Glycoproteins which span the membrane Known as G-coupled protein receptors 4 classes of adrenergic receptors:  1,  2,  1,  2 Some are stimulatory (β) some inhibitory (α) Activate or inhibit adenylyl cyclase  cAMP

9. Adrenergic receptors Have short term and long term effects The alpha receptors stimulate smooth muscle contraction in peripheral organs the beta receptors mobilise fuels, relax smooth muscles of the bronchi and blood vessels supplying skeletal muscles and increase heart rate.

10. Adrenergic receptors The end result of these actions is to mobilise and shunt energy reserves to where they are most needed prepare for action!

11. Used as a drug: Adrenalin Treatment for cardiac arrest and anaphylactic reactions Bronchodilator properties used in asthma Agonists and antagonists to adrenergic receptors are also used as drugs

12. Acting as neurotransmitters Noradrenalin is uniquely found between the junctions of sympathetic neurons and smooth muscle cells Decreased levels of noradrenalin in the brain are associated with some forms of clinical depression

13. Noradrenalin and depression Strategies to increase noradrenalin levels in the brain: Inhibit inactivation (monoamine oxidase inhibitors or MAO inhibitors) OR Inhibit reuptake (tricyclics)

14. Other Catecholamines L-dopa and dopamine Dopamine is also a neurotransmitter in synapses in localised areas of the brain stem Parkinson’s disease is caused from the degeneration of these dopaminergic neurons. The psychotic symptoms of Schizophrenia are associated with elevated dopamine

15. Parkinson’s disease Parkinson patients are treated with L-dopa or levadopa Although it is dopamine that is deficient it cannot cross the blood brain barrier L-dopa crosses the barrier ( on amino acid transporters ), where it is decarboxylated to produce dopamine It is usually administered with a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor; carbidopa (to prevent the L- Dopa going to dopamine before it gets to the brain).

16. L-Dopa and dopamine decarboxylation Crosses the blood brain barrier This reaction must be inhibited before it gets to the blood brain barrier

17. carbidopa

18. Tyrosine Hydroxylase (TH) The rate limiting step in the pathway Adding another –OH to the aromatic ring It requires O 2 and biopterin (this moiety also makes up folates – we obtain it from our diet or microorganisms in the gut) This is a tricky reaction There are only a few examples of this in life!

19. Tyrosine Hydroxylase

20. Biopterin OH

21. Tyrosine hydroxylase Although it is the rate limiting step in synthesis it is not a great site for drug action. There are drugs that inhibit the enzyme but these are rarely used Regulation of adrenalin is done at the release phase Most drugs work on the receptor

22. Tyrosine hydroxylase There are 3 isoforms produced by alternative splicing although the biological significance of these is not entirely clear. Another example of a similar reaction is the conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine The enzyme here is phenylalanine hydroxylase This reaction also requires biopterin

23. Phenylketonuria (PKU) The conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine is a similar hydroxylation Catalysed by phenylalanine hydroxylase If this enzyme is defective the phenylalanine has to go elsewhere Accumulates as phenylpyruvate

24. Phenylalanine hydroxylase

25. PKU: diversion Oxidative deamination Build up causes severe mental retardation in developing brain

26. PKU diet

27. Thyroxin Synthesised from 2 tyrosine residues

28. Thyroxin N C Protein, thyroglobulin

29. Thyroxin I I I I Iodination Oxidative coupling

30. Thyroxin proteolysis 5 – 6 thyroxins released per thyroglobulin

31. Hypothyroidism: thyroxin levels too low; individuals present with lethargy, cold skin and often overweight. low iodine in the diet often the result of low iodine in the soil….leads to a goiter

32. Cretinism Thyroxin is essential for normal growth and development A deficiency will result in cretinism, a condition defined by mental retardation, stunted growth

33. Serotonin A derivative synthesised by the decarboxylation of tryptophan. A neurotransmitter low levels of serotonin have also been linked to depression. Prozac acts to inhibit the degradation of serotonin.

34. Synthesis of Serotonin

35. Histamine Produced by the decarboxylation of histidine A common product of allergic reactions, produced by mast cells Neurotransmitter Involved in sleep regulation Regulates acid secretions in the stomach Antihistamines are used to relieve the symptoms of an allergic reaction

36. Histamine synthesis

37. GABA Gamma amino butyric acid Produced by the decarboxylation of glutamate Major inhibitory neurotransmitter Released by 30% of synapses

38. GABA synthesis

39. Amino Acid derivatives Adrenalin/epinephrine Serotonin GABA Histamine Dopa & dopamine thyroxin