3. “ The death…of a beautiful woman is, unquestionably, the most poetical topic in the world – and equally is it beyond doubt that the lips best suited for such topic are those of a bereaved lover. ” Edgar Allan Poe from “ The Philosophy of Composition ”

4. “POE”TRY TRUTHS

5.  Poe ’ s professional life was full of failure  His greatest success was “ The Raven, ” which brought him fame, but earned him only $14.00  Poe wrote many short stories simply for the money; ironically he is most famous for these stories  He saw himself as a poet, but could not make a living from writing poetry  He is the most important American poet before Walt Whitman

6. Poor Poe After the death of his wife, Poe went insane, desperately trying to find someone to take her place His death remains a mystery; his final words were, “ God help my poor soul. ”

7. “ Six years ago, a wife whom I loved as no man ever loved before, ruptured a blood-vessel in singing. Her life was despaired of. I took leave of her forever, and underwent all the agonies of her death. She recovered partially, and again I hoped. At the end of a year, the vessel broke again. I went through precisely the same scene. Again, in about a year afterward. Then again—again—again—and even once again, at varying intervals. Each time I felt all the agonies of her death—and at each accession of the disorder I loved her more dearly and clung to her life with more desperate pertinacity…I became insane, with long intervals of horrible sanity. During these fits of absolute unconsciousness I drank, God only knows how often or how much. ” - Edgar Allan Poe, 1848

8.  Poe saw women as angelic figures: “ Women have been angels of mercy to me. ”  Poe ’ s characters are often tortured by guilt  Poe ’ s stories are quite modern in their psychoanalytical components  Like many of his characters, Poe was caught between  Rationality & irrationality  Order & chaos

9.  “ The Raven ” reflects the darkness, anger and frustration Poe felt while watching his wife Virginia die for five years due to tuberculosis  During that time, Poe struggled to keep Virginia fed and warm, and also to give her the medicine she desperately needed  The guilt & anger he felt are expressed in the darkness of “ The Raven ” “The Raven” Background

10.  The poem mirrors Poe ’ s own experience of dealing with his wife ’ s slow death (for five years) from tuberculosis.  She would get better, then worse, then better, then worse – a rollercoaster of emotions for Poe. The narrator/speaker tries to forget his lost Lenore, but can ’ t; he is distracted by books (forgotten lore) then the tapping on the door, then the raven, but only momentarily.  The darkness of the poem– the feeling that he will be free from the pain of the memory of his “ Lost Lenore ” nevermore is reflective of the agony and desperation Poe felt in his own life “The Raven” Background

11.  He is continually reminded of the pain he feels from her loss (the bird will leave him in the morning like Lenore; Lenore will never sit in the chair as he does in the poem).  As much as the narrator wants to forget his loss, he can ’ t help but remember.

12. “The Raven” Critical Thinking Questions  What is important about the title of the poem, "The Raven"? Why does he use the title?  What are the conflicts in "The Raven"? What types of conflict (physical, moral, intellectual, or emotional) do you read?  What is the central/primary purpose of the poem? Is the purpose important or meaningful?  How is madness or insanity explored in the poem?

13. “The Raven” Analysis  Poetry Form: Narrative; 18 sestets  Setting: The chamber of a house @ midnight  Speaker: 1 st person narrator; A man who lost his beloved wife, a woman named Lenore

14. “The Raven” Analysis  Symbolism: The raven  A glorified crow  Often appear in legend & literature as a sinister omen.  Theme: The death of a beautiful woman, as lamented by her bereaved lover  Tone: Melancholy, mournful, anxious, suffering

15. “The Raven” Analysis  Who is Lenore?: She represents Poe’s beloved wife, Virginia, who was very sick when he wrote this poem.  Refrain: Quoth the Raven, “Nevermore.”  Rhythm: Uses both internal rhyme & end rhyme; Has a pattern of stressed syllable followed by an unstressed syllable with a total of 16 syllables per line.

16. “The Raven” Analysis  Allusions: Pallas, Plutonian Shore, Gilead, & Aidenn  Personification: “unmerciful Disaster,” “his Hope” and “lamplight gloated o’er”  Metaphor: “To the fowl whose fiery eyes now burned into my bosom’s core”

17. “The Raven” Analysis  The speaker asks the Raven 4 questions & makes a request. What are they?  What is your name?  Will you leave me?  How can I forget or repent about Lenore?  Will I ever see Lenore in the afterlife?  Leave my loneliness unbroken 

18. -The End-