1. Thermal Response of Climate System Weather Update Finish Seasons and Solar Elevation at Noon Heat Transfer Processes Latent Heat Transfer Heating Imbalances For Next Classs: Read Christopherson Ch. 4 (pp. 101-116) available on AsUlearn

2. Climate News http://nc- climate.ncsu.edu/climateblog?id=118&h=d 9f95ad7 http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/capit al-weather-gang/wp/2015/01/16/scientists- react-to-warmest-year-2014-underscores- undeniable-fact-of-human-caused-climate- change/

3. RUC Forecast Soundings http://rucsoundings.noaa.gov/

7. Annual March of the Seasons Figure 2.15

9. 11:30 P.M. in the Antarctic Figure 2.16

10. Insolation at Top of Atmosphere Figure 2.10

11. Solar Elevation at Noon Figure 2.18

12. Solar Elevation at Noon (SEN) SEN is the angle of the noon sun above the horizon SEN is the angle of the noon sun above the horizon SEN = 90˚ - ArcDistance SEN = 90˚ - ArcDistance ArcDistance = number of degrees of latitude between location of interest and sun’s noontime vertical rays ArcDistance = number of degrees of latitude between location of interest and sun’s noontime vertical rays If the latitude of location of interest and sun are in opposite hemispheres, add to get ArcDistance If the latitude of location of interest and sun are in opposite hemispheres, add to get ArcDistance If they are in the same hemisphere, subtract from the larger of the two values If they are in the same hemisphere, subtract from the larger of the two values

13. SEN Example What is the SEN on June 21 for Boone (36 N) What is the SEN on June 21 for Boone (36 N) SEN = 90 – ArcDistance SEN = 90 – ArcDistance Where are the sun’s noontime vertical rays? Where are the sun’s noontime vertical rays? ArcDistance = 36 – 23.5 ArcDistance = 36 – 23.5 ArcDistance = 12.5 ArcDistance = 12.5 SEN = 90 – 12.5 SEN = 90 – 12.5 SEN = 77.5˚ SEN = 77.5˚

14. Analemma

15. © AMS15 Chapter 4: Driving Question What are the causes and consequences of heat transfer within Earth’s climate system? What are the causes and consequences of heat transfer within Earth’s climate system?

16. © AMS16 Heat Transfer Processes Radiation Radiation Both a form of energy and a means of energy transferBoth a form of energy and a means of energy transfer Radiational heating: object absorbs radiation at a greater rate than it emits radiationRadiational heating: object absorbs radiation at a greater rate than it emits radiation Internal energy increases, temperature rises Internal energy increases, temperature rises Radiational cooling: object emits radiation at a greater rate than it absorbs radiationRadiational cooling: object emits radiation at a greater rate than it absorbs radiation Internal energy decreases, temperature drops Internal energy decreases, temperature drops

17. © AMS17 Heat Transfer Processes Conduction and Convection Conduction and Convection Conduction: the transfer of kinetic energy of atoms or molecules via collisions between neighboring atoms or moleculesConduction: the transfer of kinetic energy of atoms or molecules via collisions between neighboring atoms or molecules Heat Conductivity: the ratio of the rate of heat transport across an area to the temperature gradientHeat Conductivity: the ratio of the rate of heat transport across an area to the temperature gradient Substances with a higher heat conductivity have greater rates of heat transport Substances with a higher heat conductivity have greater rates of heat transport Solids are better conductors than liquids, liquids are better conductors than gasesSolids are better conductors than liquids, liquids are better conductors than gases

18. © AMS18 Heat Transfer Processes Conduction and Convection Conduction and Convection Convection: the vertical transport of heat within a fluid via motions of the fluid itselfConvection: the vertical transport of heat within a fluid via motions of the fluid itself Generally only occurs in liquids or gases (fluids) Generally only occurs in liquids or gases (fluids) Convection in the atmosphere consequence of differences in air density Convection in the atmosphere consequence of differences in air density Advection is the horizontal transport of heat Advection is the horizontal transport of heat Sensible Heating: combination of conduction and convectionSensible Heating: combination of conduction and convection

19. © AMS19 Convection currents transport heat conducted from Earth’s surface into the troposphere A fresh layer of snow is a good heat insulator

20. © AMS20 Heat Transfer Processes Phase Changes of Water Phase Changes of Water Water occurs naturally in all three phases (solid, liquid, gas)Water occurs naturally in all three phases (solid, liquid, gas) Depending on phase changes, either absorbs or releases heat to or from environmentDepending on phase changes, either absorbs or releases heat to or from environment Latent heat: quantity of heat involved in phase changes of waterLatent heat: quantity of heat involved in phase changes of water Latent heating: the transport of heat from one location to another as a consequence of changes in the phase of waterLatent heating: the transport of heat from one location to another as a consequence of changes in the phase of water

21. © AMS21 Heat Transfer Processes Phase Changes of Water Phase Changes of Water Heat absorbed from environment during changes to higher energy states melting, evaporation, sublimation Heat released to environment during changes to lower energy states freezing, condensation, deposition

23. © AMS23 Thermal Response and Specific Heat Specific Heat: amount of heat that will raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 Celsius degree Specific Heat: amount of heat that will raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 Celsius degree Measured relative to liquid waterMeasured relative to liquid water Water has the greatest specific heat of any naturally occurring substance Water has the greatest specific heat of any naturally occurring substance Variation in specific heat from one substance to another implies that different materials have different capacities for storing internal energyVariation in specific heat from one substance to another implies that different materials have different capacities for storing internal energy

24. © AMS24

25. © AMS25 Thermal Response and Specific Heat Maritime and Continental Climates Maritime and Continental Climates Maritime climates: immediately downwind of the ocean, and experience much less contrast between average winter and summer temperatureMaritime climates: immediately downwind of the ocean, and experience much less contrast between average winter and summer temperature Continental Climates: well inland, experience a much greater contrast between winter and summer temperatureContinental Climates: well inland, experience a much greater contrast between winter and summer temperature

26. © AMS26 Heat Imbalance: Atmosphere vs. Earth’s Surface Latent Heating Latent Heating Transfer of heat energy from one place to another as a consequence of phase changes of waterTransfer of heat energy from one place to another as a consequence of phase changes of water Heat is transferred from Earth’s surface to the troposphere through latent heatingHeat is transferred from Earth’s surface to the troposphere through latent heating Large quantities of heat are required to bring about phase changes of water as compared to phase changes of other naturally occurring substancesLarge quantities of heat are required to bring about phase changes of water as compared to phase changes of other naturally occurring substances

27. © AMS27 Heat Imbalance: Atmosphere vs. Earth’s Surface Latent Heating Latent Heating Latent heat of fusion: amount of heat required to convert a solid at its melting point to a liquid without a change in temperatureLatent heat of fusion: amount of heat required to convert a solid at its melting point to a liquid without a change in temperature Latent heat of vaporization: amount of heat required to convert a liquid to a gas without a change in temperatureLatent heat of vaporization: amount of heat required to convert a liquid to a gas without a change in temperature

28. © AMS28 Heat Imbalance: Atmosphere vs. Earth’s Surface Sensible Heating Sensible Heating Transport of heat from one location or object to another via conduction, convection or bothTransport of heat from one location or object to another via conduction, convection or both Often combines with latent heating to channel heat from Earth’s surface into the troposphereOften combines with latent heating to channel heat from Earth’s surface into the troposphere

29. © AMS29 Heat Imbalance: Atmosphere vs. Earth’s Surface Sensible Heating Sensible Heating The Bowen Ratio compares how heat at the Earth’s surface is divided between sensible heating and latent heatingThe Bowen Ratio compares how heat at the Earth’s surface is divided between sensible heating and latent heating Varies from one place to another Varies from one place to another Depends on amount of surface moisture Depends on amount of surface moisture Surface energy budget through the course of a year