1. Chordates Notocord Dorsal hollow nerve cord Gills Postanal tail

2. Figure 34.0 A snake skeleton exhibits defining characteristic of a vertebrate

3. Figure 34.2 Chordate characteristics

4. Figure 34.3 Subphylum Urochordata: a tunicate

5. Figure 40.8 Internal exchange surfaces of complex animals

6. Fig. 27.3, p. 457 nerve cordnotochord gut oral opening atrial opening (water that passed through pharynx leaves this way) pharynx with gill slits

7. Figure 34.4b Subphylum Cephalochordata: the lancelet Branchiostoma

8. Fig. 27.4, p. 457 DORSAL, TUBULAR NERVE CORD NOTOCHORD PHARYNX WITH GILL SLITS TAIL EXTENDING PAST ANUS epidermisanus pore of atrial cavity hindgutgonad aorta midgut segmented muscles tentacles around mouth segmented muscles

9. Figure 34.5 Early fossil vertebrates: Haikouella (top), Myllokunmingia (bottom)

10. Figure 34.6 The neural crest, embryonic source of many unique vertebrate characters

11. Agnathans

12. Figure 34.8 A hagfish

13. Fig. 27.7, p. 459 TentaclesGill slits (twelve pairs)Mucous glands Gill openings (seven pairs)

14. Figure 34.9 A sea lamprey

15. Figure 34.10 Hypothesis for the evolution of vertebrate jaws

16. Fig. 27.6, p. 458 supporting structures gill slit jaw spiracle (small gill slit) jaw support jaw Early jawless fish (an agnathan) Early jawed fish (a placoderm) Modern jawed fish (a shark)

17. In-text, p. 463

18. Chondrichthyes

19. Figure 34.11 Cartilaginous fishes (class Chondrichthyes): Great white shark (top left), silky shark (top right), southern stingray (bottom left), blue spotted stingray (bottom right)

20. Fig. 27.8, p. 460

21. Osteichthyes

22. caudal fin dorsal fin pectoral fin (one of two) pelvic fin (one of two) anal fin muscle segments fin supports brain olfactory bulb heart liver gallbladder stomach intestineswim bladder kidney anus urinary bladder Fig. 27.9, p. 461

23. Figure 34.12a Ray-finned fishes (class Actinopterygii): yellow perch

24. Figure 34.12b Ray-finned fishes (class Actinopterygii): long-snouted sea horse

25. Figure 34.13 Anatomy of a trout, a representative ray-finned fish

26. Figure 34.14 A coelocanth (Latimeria), the only extant lobe-finned genus

27. Figure 34.16 Skeleton of Acanthostega, a Devonian tetrapod fish

28. Amphibians

29. Figure 34.17 Amphibian orders: Newt (left), frog (right)

30. Figure 34.17x1 Frogs

31. Fig. 27.12, p. 463

32. Figure 34.18 “Dual life” of a frog (Rana temporaria)

33. Amniotes Produce eggs with membranes

34. Figure 34.19 Amniotic egg

35. Figure 34.21 Taxonomic classes of amniotes

36. Reptiles

37. Figure 34.22 A hatching reptile

38. Fig. 27.13, p. 464 snout olfactory lobe (sense of smell) forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain regions spinal cord vertebral column gonad kidney cloaca intestine stomach liver heart esophagus unmatched rows of teeth on upper and lower jaws

39. Figure 34.24 Extant reptiles: Desert tortoise (top left), lizard (top right), king snake (bottom left), alligators (bottom right)

40. Fig. 27.15, p. 466 hollow fang venom gland

41. Figure 34.24ax Sea turtle

42. hard shell ribs of endoskeleton Fig. 27.15, p. 466

43. Figure 34.24bx Banded gecko, Coleonyx varigatus

44. Figure 34.24cx Emerald tree boa

45. birds

46. Fig. 27.16b, p. 468

47. Figure 34.25 Form fits function: the avian wind and feather

48. Fig. 27.17, p. 469 skull radius humerus pectoral girdle internal structure of bird limb bones two main flight muscles attached to keel of sternum sternum pelvic girdle ulna shaft barb barbule

49. Figure 34.26 A bald eagle in flight

50. Figure 34.27 Archaeopteryx, a Jurassic bird-reptile

51. Figure 34.27x Archaeopteryx

52. Figure 34.28a Cretaceous theropod dinosaurs with putative feathers from Chinese sediments: Sinoauaropteryx

53. Figure 34.28b Cretaceous theropod dinosaurs with putative feathers from Chinese sediments: Caudipteryx

54. Figure 34.29 A small sample of birds: Blue-footed boobies (top left), male peacock (top right), penguins (bottom left), perching bird (bottom right)

55. Figure 34.29x Penguin march