1. Canada’s Ethnic History In Stages

2. Canadian Settlement SIX DISTINCT PHASES: 1. Pre European/ Contact 2. Pre 1812 3. 1812-1867 4. 1885 to WW1 5. WW1 to Post WW2 6. 1960s 7. 1970 and Beyond

3. Pre European Settlement Before 1608 Indians of the Great Plains Inuit Survival linked to geography/topography Distinctive cultural patterns Little hierarchy and subordination

4. Contact 1608-1763-Established New France 350,000 Natives vs. 5000 Europeans Some trade, more claiming Voyageurs move inland S. de Champlain, Brule. Fur Trade

5. Pre Conquest 1660-Two thousand settlers in New France By 1760- as many as 70,000 settlers Estate System=Aristocracy, Peasantry, Clergy Strip Farming Uni-geniture as opposed to primogeniture.

6. Pre-Confederation Pre-1812 Plains of Abraham 1759 Wolf defeats Montcalm French aristocracy deserts French peasantry La Survivance Begins Upper Canada 55% English and Lower Canada 85% French Two Solitudes

7. 1763-1812 British became the colonizers Combined with UEL-United Empire Loyalists Upper Canada-economic immigrants attracted by Lord Simcoe. Multiple occupations-lawyers, teachers, soldiers, clergyman and mostly farmers (grid pattern) Yonge Street-road to establishment

8. 1812-1867 UPPER CANADA-the bulwark of the British Empire in North America Lower Canada-French practiced la survivance-resist English, stay on the land, followed the Roman Catholic Church La Survivance-Fatalism, acceptance of hierarchy, resist English materialism.

9. 1812 Underground Railroad-Black and White slave owners Government initiative to attract immigrants: Letters from successful settlers Colonizing companies- Hudson’s Bay, The North West Company

10. Post-Confederation/Western Settlement/ Post 1867 1.Influx of Russian, Ukrainian, Chinese, 2.Workers on the CPR completed 1885 3.Anglo-centric Orange Order predominant 4.Nativism= Prejudice and discrimination

11. New Ethnicities 1881-1884-15,700 Chinese 1901-23,700 Chinese, 4700 Japanese, 1,700 East Indians 25% of Labour force in 1901-was from China. Russian Jews-16,000 50,000 Mennonites, Hutterites, Amish- Ana Baptists Hungarians, Ukrainians.

12. The North-West Rebellion 1885 The North-West Rebellion was brief and unsuccessful Uprising by the Métis people under Louis Riel against the Dominion of Canada Hanging of Louis Riel, Increased tensions between British Canada and French Canada.

13. Early Uniculturalism Metis Rebellion 1885 an illustration of early Uni-culturalism Crushed largely by the Orange Order Pro-British Pro-Protestant Anti-Catholic Nativistic

14. 1885 to WW1 1885 CPRs Last Spike New immigrants from Eastern Europe and Asia National Policy-John A. Macdonald-initially more interest in British immigrants-less selective when CPR was complete. Clifford Sifton (Min of Interior under Laurier) sought universalism.

15. Early 20 th century to World War 2 The rapid influx of many newcomers and outsiders result in xenophobia and nativistic movements such as Orangeism. Canada was a colony of British Imperial power- more British than the British. The equivalent US movements=Know Nothings, APA..

16. Post World War Two Restrictions lifted More Italian, Jewish, Greek, Northern European immigration 1946- Italians 731,000, Germans 1.3 million, 385,000 Scand. Still few visible minorities.

17. 1960’s Introduction of the Points System 1967 Points for occupation, education, family in Canada. Immigration Policy became less Anglo- centric Bi & Bi Commission 1963, Multicultural Official 1972.

18. Refocusing the Cultural Mosaic- 1970’s and Beyond Three levels of immigration -points, family reunification, refugee status Increasing numbers of visible minorities South Asia, Caribbean and Asia 250,000 immigrants per year

19. Summary Canadian settlement has at least five phases From relatively homogeneous, spare pop to diverse and tolerant society Patterns lead to Multiculturalism over two centuries Mosaic the result of accommodation and acculturation.