1. 12th EMS Annual Meeting & 9th European Conference on Applied Climatology (ECAC), Łódź, 10-14 September 2012 Rajmund Przybylak, Aleksandra Pospieszyńska Department of Climatology, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland, rp11@umk.pl

2.  Daily data from 1884-1889 were published in Annals of the Royal Prussian Meteorological Service.  Daily data from Toruń for contemporary period 2001-2010 were taken from the Institute of Meteorology and Water Management (IMGW).  The daily data from the 19th century were quality-controlled and compared with corresponding data from the contemporary period (2001-2010). Additionally, monthly historical data were also compared with all available and homogenized air temperature data (1871-2010).  Air temperature measurements were conducted three times a day (at 6 a.m., 2 p.m., and 10 p.m.) using a mercury thermometer degrees in Celsius scale.  Extreme thermometers were constructed by Geissler (maximum) and by Casella (minimum). R. Przybylak, A. Pospieszyńska,"Air temperature in Toruń (Poland) in the period 1884-1889" 12th EMS Annual Meeting & 9th European Conference on Applied Climatology (ECAC), Łódź, 10-14 September 2012

4. Continuous meteorological observations in Toruń began in the second half of the nineteenth century within the Royal Prussian Meteorological network. After regaining independence (in 1918) measurements in Toruń began in 1920. They were performed by the National Hydro- Meteorological Institute (PIHM), and later by the Institute of Meteorology and Water Management (IMGW). Location of stations has been changing, mainly as a result of urban expansion into areas previously undeveloped. Instrumental measurements in organized networks Toruń R. Przybylak, A. Pospieszyńska,"Air temperature in Toruń (Poland) in the period 1884-1889" 12th EMS Annual Meeting & 9th European Conference on Applied Climatology (ECAC), Łódź, 10-14 September 2012

6. 1884-1889 – temperature statistics  Mean annual temperature: 7.2°C  The warmest month: 17.7°C (July)  The coolest month: -2.6°C (January)  Absolute maximum: 34.1°C (11 June 1889)  Absolute minimum: -23.7°C (2 January 1888) R. Przybylak, A. Pospieszyńska,"Air temperature in Toruń (Poland) in the period 1884-1889" 12th EMS Annual Meeting & 9th European Conference on Applied Climatology (ECAC), Łódź, 10-14 September 2012

7. R. Przybylak, A. Pospieszyńska,"Air temperature in Toruń (Poland) in the period 1884-1889" 12th EMS Annual Meeting & 9th European Conference on Applied Climatology (ECAC), Łódź, 10-14 September 2012 1884-1889 1921-2010 2001-2010

8. R. Przybylak, A. Pospieszyńska,"Air temperature in Toruń (Poland) in the period 1884-1889" 12th EMS Annual Meeting & 9th European Conference on Applied Climatology (ECAC), Łódź, 10-14 September 2012 Period mmaxmin year7.2 8.06.4 18841888 DJF-1.5 1,7.-3.2 18841888 MAM6.6 7.75.9 18891888 JJA16.5 17.316.0 18891888 SON7.4 8.36.8 18861885 Mean, minimum and maximum values of air temperature in seasons and year in Toruń, 1884-1889

9. R. Przybylak, A. Pospieszyńska,"Air temperature in Toruń (Poland) in the period 1884-1889" 12th EMS Annual Meeting & 9th European Conference on Applied Climatology (ECAC), Łódź, 10-14 September 2012 DJF JJA

10. R. Przybylak, A. Pospieszyńska,"Air temperature in Toruń (Poland) in the period 1884-1889" 12th EMS Annual Meeting & 9th European Conference on Applied Climatology (ECAC), Łódź, 10-14 September 2012 MAM SON

11. Daily mean  winter ≤ 0 o C  0 o C < early spring ≤ 5 o C  5 o C < spring ≤ 15 o C  summer > 15 o C  5 o C < autumn ≤ 15 o C  0 o C < early winter ≤ 5 o C

12. R. Przybylak, A. Pospieszyńska,"Air temperature in Toruń (Poland) in the period 1884-1889" 12th EMS Annual Meeting & 9th European Conference on Applied Climatology (ECAC), Łódź, 10-14 September 2012 Thermal seasons 1884-18891871-20102001-2010 beginningendingbeginningendingbeginningending early spring16 March4 April27 February1 April16 February26 March spring5 April1 June2 April3 June27 March27 May summer2 June25 August4 June31 August28 May6 September autumn26 August29 October1 September2 November7 September9 November early winter30 October10 December3 November8 December10 November12 December winter11December15 March9 December26 February13 December15 February Dates of beginning and ending of thermal seasons in Toruń

14.  The analysed period was generally cooler than the 20 th and the beginning of the 21 st century.  The mean annual air temperature in the analysed period (7.2 ° C) was approximately 0.5 ° C and 1.5 ° C lower than the same variables in the periods of 1871-2010 and 2001-2010, respectively.  The highest temperature measured in Toruń after 1921 was 38.2 ° C and occurred on 11 th July 1959, whereas the lowest temperature was -32.4 ° C, recorded on 19 th January 1963. The maximum air temperature in the analysed period reached 34.1˚C on 11 th June 1889, whereas the minimum temperature was -23.7 ° C on 2 nd January 1888.  On average, the annual mean temperature was mainly influenced by winter and summer thermal conditions. The warmest month in the analysed period was July (17.7 ° C), which however was nearly 2 ° C cooler than in the contemporary period. On the other hand, January was the coolest month in both periods. R. Przybylak, A. Pospieszyńska,"Air temperature in Toruń (Poland) in the period 1884-1889" 12th EMS Annual Meeting & 9th European Conference on Applied Climatology (ECAC), Łódź, 10-14 September 2012

15.  In 1884-1889, the highest mean monthly day-to-day variability of air temperature was observed in winter and spring. In contrast, the lowest one was observed during summer. Although the annual cycle in variability was similar to the one observed at present, the values were greater in the historical period.  In the contemporary period of 2001-2010, mean daily air temperatures exceeding 6.0 ° C were more frequent than in the historical period. The most diverse distribution of frequency of air temperature calculated for 2 ° C intervals appeared in spring.  The duration of the winter and early winter reduced the most (30 and 10 days, respectively). On the other hand duration of early spring and summer increase for about 20 days each. Also duration of growing season has increased from 208 days (1884-1889) to 228 days (2001-2010). R. Przybylak, A. Pospieszyńska,"Air temperature in Toruń (Poland) in the period 1884-1889" 12th EMS Annual Meeting & 9th European Conference on Applied Climatology (ECAC), Łódź, 10-14 September 2012

16.  The work was done within the Polish- Swiss project entitled „Climate of northern Poland during the last 1000 years: Constraining the future with the past (CLIMPOL)”  The source data used in the dissertation entitled „Climate changes in the region of Toruń on the basis of instrumental, historical and dendrochronological data” comes from the Institute of Meteorology and Water Management - National Research Institute. R. Przybylak, A. Pospieszyńska,"Air temperature in Toruń (Poland) in the period 1884-1889" 12th EMS Annual Meeting & 9th European Conference on Applied Climatology (ECAC), Łódź, 10-14 September 2012

17. Thank You for Your attention!