1. MQXF state of work and analysis of HQ experimental current decays with the QLASA model used for MQXF Vittorio Marinozzi 10/28/2013 1

2. 2 1.Current decay with dumping resistance are faster than expected, because of high dI/dt effects 2.Considering residual bronze in cables causes a drop of ~30 K in the hot spot temperature estimation 1.1 MQXF state of work

3. 3 1.2 dI/dt effects 13 kA @ 1.9 K (0.7 of SSL) 60 m Ω dumping resistance No PH Dynamic effects confirmed with the cored cable, too. With 60 m Ω dumping resistance, dI/dt is very higher than MQXF one. Question: do dynamic effects affect the decay with smaller dumping resistance? If yes, how much conservative have we been?

4. 4 1.3 Residual bronze after reaction Considering bronze, at given MIITS we have ~30 K less in hot spot temperature MQXF MIITs

5. 5 1.3 Summary 1.Impact of the material properties uncertainty on the MIITs-T curve 2.Analysis of HQ PH test with no dumping resistance 3.Analysis of HQ PH tests with 5 m Ω dumping resistance (dI/dt similar to MQXF one) 4.Coils resistance measurement during a discharge 5.MQXF protection with IL-HF block PH

6. 6 Impact of the material properties uncertainty on the MIITs-T curve

7. 7 Comparison between MIITs calculated by QMIITs (Tiina salmi) with CRYCOMP/NIST and MATPRO database At given temperature, 1 MIITs difference At given MIITs, 30 K temperature difference Non negligible uncertainty! Question: what are the right material properties? Temperature measurement needed to answer 2.1 Material properties impact

8. 8 Analysis of HQ PH tests with no dumping resistance

9. 9 3.1 Introduction MQXF current decay is dominated by coils resistance A good understanding of the quench heaters simulation is important An analysis of HQ02 heaters test is in progress OL heaters manual trips No dumping resistance Currents from 0.4 to 0.8 of SSL Simulations with the same assumptions made for the MQXF Question to answer: How much conservative are the MQXF simulations? Question to answer: How much conservative are the MQXF simulations?

10. 10 3.2 Current decay comparison 14.6 kA @ 1.9 K (0.8 of SSL) OL-PH firing at 0 ms No dumping resistance Heaters delay time from Tiina Salmi simulations by CoHDA (Code for Heater Delay Analysis) (heat equation solving) Heaters-induced quench covers all the turns, except the top and the bottom ones Simulation using nominal inductance (5.8 mH) The simulated decay is very slower. MIITs are surely overestimated At the start of the decay, the experimental curve is faster than expected The average of the simulated delays in the HF/LF block is used as delay time in QLASA

11. 11 3.2 Current decay comparison Current starts to decay after few ms. Heaters do not induce quench so quickly (checked on voltage taps) Evidence of a “dark” resistance

12. 12 3.2 Current decay comparison Inductance (mH)Resistance (mΩ) 42.4 52.9 63.5 Decay is compatible with a resistance between 2.5 and 3.5 m Ω Expected resistance coming from bus, diodes, connections is < 1 m Ω There is an unexplained resistance of 1.5/2.5 m Ω Could it be that this is the reason of the similarity between the MIITs developed during 5 m Ω dumping resistance and no dumping resistance tests?

13. 13 3.2 Current decay comparison

14. 14 3.2 Current decay comparison Simulation repeated with a 3 m Ω dumping resistance, in order to simulate the “dark” resistance Simulation with dumping resistance fits better at the start of the decay Nonetheless, simulated current decay is still slower than experimental one Ideal for giving a more accurate MIITs estimation

15. 15 3.2 Current decay comparison Same analysis, on a 7kA test (0.4 of SSL) The resistance is overestimated when heaters induce quench (curve with resistance) This is due to the fact that at low current quench is induced only in few turns, therefore the assumption made (quench not induced only in the top and the bottom turn) is wrong in this case. In fact, in CoHDA simulation, 8 out of 26 OL turns did not quench, but QLASA uses an average delay among all the turns

16. 16 Current/SSL 0.80.70.60.50.4 MIITs difference % (no dump case) 14.513.29.610.78.1 MIITs difference % (3 m Ω dump case) 13.411.16.45.30.9 3.3 MIITs comparison and conclusions Most significant case for MQXF Under the assumptions used for MQXF, the heaters-induced quench simulation is conservative. At the current of interest (0.8 of SSL), the MIITs are overestimated of about 13 %. The overestimation is lower at lower currents. An unexplained ~ 2/3m Ω resistance appears during tests with no dumping resistance. This could be the reason of the similarity between MIITs developed during tests with no dumping resistance and tests with a 5 m Ω resistance.

17. 17 3.3 MIITs comparison and conclusions In MQXF, a MIITs overestimation of ~10% at 350 K corresponds to about 50 K less in hot spot temperature!

18. 18 Analysis of HQ PH tests with 5m Ω dumping resistance

19. 19 14.6 kA @ 1.9 K (0.8 of SSL) OL heaters in protection Heaters delay time from CoHDA (Tiina salmi)  The current decay is slower in the simulation  The dynamic effects are still considerable (see start of the decay) with a dI/dt similar to MQXF one Same program and assumptions used for MQXF 4.1 Current decay comparison

20. 20 4.2 MIITs comparison and conclusions Current/SSL 0.80.70.60.5 MIITs difference % 16.513.34.82.4 Conclusions:  In the most significant case for MQXF, MIITs are overestimated of ~16%, with the same assumptions made for MQXF on the heaters delay time, and with a similar dI/dt.  At 350 K, this overestimation corresponds to 80 K less in hot spot temperature  At lower current the overestimation is lower, but these cases are not relevant for MQXF Most significant case for MQXF

21. 21 Resistance growth measurement

22. 22 5.1 Introduction A current decay depends on the ratio between magnet inductance and resistance (coils plus eventual dumping resistance). During the discharge, the inductance value appears lower than expected (fact experimentally proved), because of some dI/dt effects. This effects are not yet predictable, so we’re using nominal inductance in simulations. The results are conservative. Question: in the case of negligible dI/dt effects in MQXF, are we still conservative? Is the coils resistance growth simulation conservative? In order to answer, we’ve measured the coils resistance during the discharge. Then, experimental data have be compared to the simulated resistance growth. This measurement allows measuring the inductance.

23. 23 5.2 Resistance plot Heaters-induced quench start: 35-40 ms Heaters-induced quench start: 35-40 ms After dumping resistance (80 ms), data are unusable

24. 24 5.3 Comparison Using delay time by Tiina simulations with CoHDA (same assumptions made for MQXF) the resistance growth is not conservative! Anyway, we are analyzing test at 0.5 of SSL, therefore this result is not reliable for MQXF. Quench induced in all the turns, except the bottom and the top of the OL

25. 25 5.4 Conclusions  Simulated resistance growth is not conservative, using the same assumptions made for MQXF.  Anyway, these results are not reliable for MQXF, because they are at 0.5 of SSL current.  These kind of test seems interesting for future studies, such as a similar analysis at 0.8 of SSL current (MQXF similar case), or for checking the differences between the heaters effect on different coils.  This kind of test could be used also for measuring inductance during the discharge

26. 26 5.4 Conclusions Unfortunately, the “dark” resistance makes this measure unreliable. Anyway, results seem consistent with the nominal inductance value (~6m Ω )

27. 27 MQXF protection with IL-HF block PH

28. 28 6.1 PH in the IL – HF zone OL Heaters delay time: 17 ms (HF block, from CoHDA) Validation time: 10 ms Dumping resistance: 46 m Ω (800 V) Voltage threshold: 100 mV Bronze fraction: 30% of Cu/NCu Two magnets (16 m) per dumping resistance OL Heaters delay time: 17 ms (HF block, from CoHDA) Validation time: 10 ms Dumping resistance: 46 m Ω (800 V) Voltage threshold: 100 mV Bronze fraction: 30% of Cu/NCu Two magnets (16 m) per dumping resistance

29. 29 6.2 PH in the IL – HF zone What’s the impact of protection heaters in the inner layer (only high-field zone) on the hot spot temperature? Four cases considered: Quench induced in the IL high-field block at the same time of the OL high- field block (average from CoHDA) Quench induced in the IL high-field block 3 ms before the OL high-field block (average from CoHDA) Quench induced in the IL high-field turn at the same time of the OL high-field block (average from CoHDA) Quench induced in the IL high-field turn 3 ms before the OL high-field block (average from CoHDA) Only OL PH case 332.7 K Only OL PH case 332.7 K 305.6 K 8.9 % less 305.6 K 8.9 % less 299.5 K 11.1 % less 299.5 K 11.1 % less 310.4 K 7.2 % less 310.4 K 7.2 % less 306.1 K 8.7 % less 306.1 K 8.7 % less

30. 30 6.3 Conclusions  Considering protection heaters on the inner layer (only in the high field zone), causes a drop in temperature of 20-30 K  The temperature difference between considering quench induced in the whole IL-HF block, or only in the IL-HF turn, is only of 5 K.  The temperature difference between considering the whole IL- HF block or turn to quench at the same time of the OL-HF, or 3 ms before, is only of 5 K. We could consider the idea of protection heaters on the inner layer, high-field block. It could be enough only on the high-field turn. Question to answer: What’s the impact of the bubbles caused by helium evaporation?

31. 31 Conclusions

32. 32 7.1 Conclusions and improvements Possible improvements:  Simulation of eddy currents in the cryostat, aiming to predict the dI/dt effects in MQXF  Repeating a resistance growth measurement at higher current (0.8 of SSL), and with a known circuit resistance in order to measure also the inductance Material properties strongly affect the MIITs-T curve, and therefore the hot spot temperature estimation at given MIITs. MATPRO (used by QLASA for MQXF) is the most conservative database between those considered (CRYOCOMP, NIST). Tests with no dumping resistance show that, with the same assumptions made on the MQXF, we overestimate the MIITs of ~13%. It’s not clear how much this overestimation is due to dI/dt effects or to heaters delay time. We’ve also found an unexplained resistance in the circuit. Tests with 5 m Ω dumping resistance (dI/dt similar to MQXF one) show that we overestimate the MIITs of ~16%, that means 80 K less in hot spot temperature. We’ve been able to measure the coils resistance during a discharge. We’ve found that assumptions made for MQXF are not conservative at 0.5 of SSL. Considering residual bronze after reaction causes a drop of 30 K in the hot spot temperature estimation Considering heaters on the IL-HF zone causes a drop of 20-30 K in the hot spot temperature estimation

33. 33 A.1 Copper magneto-resistance

34. 34 A.2 The measure  Manual trip of the OL heaters, but only in two coils (opposite coils have been chosen, for mechanical reasons)  Voltage measure between the ends of the four coils. In the two coils where the quench has been induced, the signal is resistive plus inductive, in the other two it’s only inductive.  Under the hypothesis of identic coils, by means of the difference between the two kind of signals, you can extract the resistive signal, and therefore the resistance Inconvenient: this measure can be done only at low current, for protection reasons, and for preventing development of quench in the coils not covered by heaters. For protection reason, a 60 m Ω dumping resistance is used after 80 ms. 1 23 4

35. 35 A.3 Data analysis Because of acquisition problems, data are available only for two coils (unfortunately two opposite coils). Therefore the analysis is based on two tests, one with quenched coils, one with no quenched coils. The current decay is almost coincident, so the approximation is very good Resistive voltage growth is not equal in the two coils. Quench heaters act differently (verified with voltage taps check) Current of 8.2 kA at 4.6 K, 0.5 of SSL

36. 36 A.4 Comparison In simulations, I’ve made some different assumptions on heaters delay time and heaters-induced quench size at the start About heaters delay time, I’ve used two values: 1.Experimental quench start (35-40 ms) 2.Time at which quench reaches a voltage of 1V (47-52 ms). This voltage corresponds to the simulated voltage between the coil ends after 2 ms. This is because, in the simulation, quench starts suddenly in several turns, instead in the actual case the quench start is distributed along the time. About quench initial size, I’ve analyzed three cases: 1.Quench is induced in all the turns, except the top and the bottom turn of the OL (case similar to MQXF one). 2.Quench is induced in all the turns, except the three top and the three bottom turns of the OL 3.Quench is induced only in the high-field turn of the OL Simulations have been done for the cases with no dumping resistance and with 3 m Ω dumping resistance

37. 37 A.5 Comparison The simulations with the experimental delay overestimate the resistance. The simulations with 1V delay are more conservative, but only the “1 turn quench” case is conservative, respect to experimental data. Anyway, resistance growth at the very start of the quench is always faster in the simulations. Only the “1 turn quench” case is comparable.

38. 38 A.6 Comparison Results with the 3 m Ω dumping resistance are similar