1. Punctuation, Word Choice, and Spelling

2. Respond to this Quotation "The writer who neglects punctuation, or mispunctuates, is liable to be misunderstood.” - Edgar Allan Poe

3. Punctuation Apostrophes

4. Apostrophes Use #1: The ‘ replaces missing letters in a contraction. Use #1: The ‘ replaces missing letters in a contraction. We are = we’re We are = we’re She is= she’s She is= she’s *Be careful of its and it’s: *Be careful of its and it’s: Its= possessive form; It’s = it is. Its= possessive form; It’s = it is.

5. Apostrophe Use #2: The ‘ is used to form the plurals of letters and numbers. Use #2: The ‘ is used to form the plurals of letters and numbers. The 1960’s were groovy! The 1960’s were groovy! There are too many o’s in the word “toooooooooooooooo”. There are too many o’s in the word “toooooooooooooooo”. *When shortening a year put the ‘ before the last two digits. *When shortening a year put the ‘ before the last two digits. Ex. I graduated high school in ’03.

6. Apostrophes Use #3: The ‘ is used to form possessives (to show ownership). Use #3: The ‘ is used to form possessives (to show ownership). There are three rules which must be memorized: There are three rules which must be memorized: 1.Of a singular noun: Add ‘S Girl’s dress; man’s car Girl’s dress; man’s car 2.Of a plural noun that does not end in S: Add ‘S Women’s dresses; men’s cars Women’s dresses; men’s cars 3.Of a plural noun that ends in S: Just add the ‘ Friends’ books, nurses’ uniforms Friends’ books, nurses’ uniforms

7. Apostrophe (ask yourself: “Is it more than one or just one?” If it is one of anything on earth add ‘s. If it is more than one, ask yourself: Does it already end is s?” If it does, just add’) (ask yourself: “Is it more than one or just one?” If it is one of anything on earth add ‘s. If it is more than one, ask yourself: Does it already end is s?” If it does, just add’) Together, let’s add the ‘ where needed. Together, let’s add the ‘ where needed. Her mother smile Her mother smile Women work Women work Several boys bikes Several boys bikes

8. Apostrophe Practice 1.Please complete exercises 1 & 2 in your punctuation guide packet. 2.Turn to pages 310-315 in your workbooks. *We’ve already completed these, but now that you know the rules make any corrections that you need to make.

10. Semicolons Use #1: We use a ; to glue two sentences together: Use #1: We use a ; to glue two sentences together: I’m not going out; it is raining I’m not going out; it is raining Use # 2: We use a ; when there are already commas in a series of things: Use # 2: We use a ; when there are already commas in a series of things: Elmira, New York; Horseheads, New York; and Ithaca, New York are all nice towns. Elmira, New York; Horseheads, New York; and Ithaca, New York are all nice towns.

12. Colon Use #1: We use a : after the greeting of a business letter: Use #1: We use a : after the greeting of a business letter: Dear Sir or Madam: Dear Sir or Madam: Use #2: We use a : to introduce a list of items : Use #2: We use a : to introduce a list of items : Bring the following: a pen, a pencil, paper, and your book. Bring the following: a pen, a pencil, paper, and your book.

13. Extra Uses Use #3: We use a : between the numbers in the time of day, locations in a book, or separating the primary and secondary heading of a book. Use #3: We use a : between the numbers in the time of day, locations in a book, or separating the primary and secondary heading of a book. 8:00am 8:00am Genesis 1:5 Genesis 1:5 Hopeful: A Tale of Surviving Cancer Hopeful: A Tale of Surviving Cancer

14. Colon Now you try: Insert needed colons. Now you try: Insert needed colons. 1. Dear Mr. President 2.He ate the following foods pizza, hot dogs, chips, and cake. 3. The book is titled Great Danes A Complete Breed Profile.

15. Practice 1.Complete Exercise 3 and 4 in your packet. 2.Complete pages 292 and 295

17. What do these three pictures have in common?

18. THE MIGHTY COMMA USES: USES: 1.in a series: 1.We read, write, and speak English. 2.separating several adjectives: 1.I want a bright, shiny, new bike. 3.separating introductory words and clauses: 1.Yes, the Yankees are still in first place. 4.with interrupters: 1.You may, of course, choose not to believe that.

19. THE MIGHTY COMMA 5.When speaking directly to someone. Don’t cry, Derek. Don’t cry, Derek. 6.With appositives: Mr. Carpenter, our favorite teacher, doesn’t like the Red Sox. Mr. Carpenter, our favorite teacher, doesn’t like the Red Sox. 7. With first, second, and third: First, Mr. Carpenter is always right; second, The Giants are in first place, not second; third, it won’t be long until they win again. First, Mr. Carpenter is always right; second, The Giants are in first place, not second; third, it won’t be long until they win again.

20. Practice Break As a class, let’s insert the commas: My favorite colors are green purple and blue. My favorite colors are green purple and blue. I teach smart funny talented students. I teach smart funny talented students. English is of course the best class ever. English is of course the best class ever. The best school Drakes Creek Middle School is the one we attend. The best school Drakes Creek Middle School is the one we attend. First we will do our work; second we might play jeopardy. First we will do our work; second we might play jeopardy.

21. www.chompchomp.com

22. Practice www.grammarbytes.com www.grammarbytes.com www.grammarbytes.com Complete exercise 5 in your packet for homework! Complete exercise 5 in your packet for homework! When you’re finished, please begin showing your ability to use apostrophes, semicolons, colons, and the first 7 uses of commas (make that connection from practice to USAGE). When you’re finished, please begin showing your ability to use apostrophes, semicolons, colons, and the first 7 uses of commas (make that connection from practice to USAGE).

23. How are You Doing so Far? (on your own paper) Apostrophes: Apostrophes: Use #1 – 1 sentence Use #1 – 1 sentence Use #2 – 1 sentence Use #2 – 1 sentence Use #3 – 3 sentences (1 for each rule) Use #3 – 3 sentences (1 for each rule) Semicolons Semicolons Use #1 – 1 sentence Use #1 – 1 sentence Use #2 – 1 sentence Use #2 – 1 sentence Colons Colons Use #1 – 1 example Use #1 – 1 example Use #2 – 1 sentence Use #2 – 1 sentence Use #3 – an example of each Use #3 – an example of each Commas (1 st 7 uses) Commas (1 st 7 uses) Use #1 - 1 sentence Use #1 - 1 sentence Use #2 – 1 sentence Use #2 – 1 sentence Use #3 – 1 sentence Use #3 – 1 sentence Use #4 – 1 sentence Use #4 – 1 sentence Use #5 – 1 sentence Use #5 – 1 sentence Use #6 – 1 sentence Use #6 – 1 sentence Use #7 – 1 sentence Use #7 – 1 sentence Circle your correct usage of these punctuation marks in each sentence! Circle your correct usage of these punctuation marks in each sentence!

25. THE MIGHTY COMMA 8.after the greeting and closing in a friendly letter Dear Sue, Dear Sue, Love, Love, 9. between the date of the month and the year: October 31, 2007 October 31, 2007 10. between the city and the state: Horseheads, New York Horseheads, New York 11. to show a pause and/or to group words so that they make sense: After eating, Otis always takes a nap. After eating, Otis always takes a nap.

26. THE MIGHTY COMMA 12. to set off words right before or after a quotation: Mr. Carpenter said, “Good effort.” Mr. Carpenter said, “Good effort.” “Good effort,” Mr. Carpenter said. “Good effort,” Mr. Carpenter said. 13. with words that give extra information but don’t need to be there to have a complete sentence: The students, who all have Mr. C., think English rocks. The students, who all have Mr. C., think English rocks. 14. in a compound sentence : A storm came; but, school did not close. A storm came; but, school did not close.

27. COMMA PRACTICE Complete exercise 5 & 6 in your packet. Complete exercise 5 & 6 in your packet. Commas (last 7 uses) Commas (last 7 uses) Use #8 - 1 sentence Use #8 - 1 sentence Use #9 – 1 sentence Use #9 – 1 sentence Use #10 – 1 sentence Use #10 – 1 sentence Use #11– 1 sentence Use #11– 1 sentence Use #12– 1 sentence Use #12– 1 sentence Use #13– 1 sentence Use #13– 1 sentence Use #14– 1 sentence Use #14– 1 sentence Circle your correct usage of these punctuation marks in each sentence! Circle your correct usage of these punctuation marks in each sentence!

29. Word Choice Many words in the English language sound EXACTLY the same, yet their spelling and meanings are VERY different. Many words in the English language sound EXACTLY the same, yet their spelling and meanings are VERY different. WHY do we need to learn the correct words to use when they sound the same anyways??? WHY do we need to learn the correct words to use when they sound the same anyways???

30. Word Choice Their, There, or They’re Their : The possessive form of “they”, which means it is used to show ownership or belonging. If something belongs to them, it is their item. *Usually followed by a noun! Example: Michael and Lola left their car at home as it was a fine night.

31. There There : If you are talking about a place or location, then you need the word “there.” This word indicates where something goes or where something is. There : If you are talking about a place or location, then you need the word “there.” This word indicates where something goes or where something is. Example: Michael dropped his coat on the floor. Lola said, “Don’t put it there, Michael. Hang it on a hook.” Example: Michael dropped his coat on the floor. Lola said, “Don’t put it there, Michael. Hang it on a hook.”

32. They’re They’re : a contraction of “they are”, with the apostrophe showing where the letter “a” has been left out. If you sound it out fully in the sentence and it sounds right, then you’ve got the right one. Otherwise, it must be one of the other two. They’re : a contraction of “they are”, with the apostrophe showing where the letter “a” has been left out. If you sound it out fully in the sentence and it sounds right, then you’ve got the right one. Otherwise, it must be one of the other two. Example: “Where are my parents meeting us?” asked Lola. “They’re meeting us at the restaurant,” said Michael. Example: “Where are my parents meeting us?” asked Lola. “They’re meeting us at the restaurant,” said Michael.

33. Their, There, and They’re Once you have these three straight, then you can easily make sense of a sentence like this: Once you have these three straight, then you can easily make sense of a sentence like this: “Their car is being repaired, so they’re taking a cab to get there,” said Michael. “Their car is being repaired, so they’re taking a cab to get there,” said Michael.

34. Word Choice Your vs. You’re Your is the second person possessive adjective, used to describe something as belonging to you. Your is nearly always followed by a noun. Your is the second person possessive adjective, used to describe something as belonging to you. Your is nearly always followed by a noun. What is your name? What is your name? Is this your pen? Is this your pen? Your book is on the table. Your book is on the table.

35. Word Choice You’re is the contraction of "you are" and is often followed by a present participle (verb form ending in -ing). You’re is the contraction of "you are" and is often followed by a present participle (verb form ending in -ing). You're going to be late. You're going to be late. Is that what you're wearing? Is that what you're wearing? I think you're lying. I think you're lying.

36. Word Choice Bottomline - no exceptions - is that if you're able to replace the word with "you are," you're saying you're. Otherwise, your only choice is your. On your notes, write 4 sentences. On your notes, write 4 sentences. 2 correctly using YOUR 2 correctly using YOUR 2 correctly using YOU’RE 2 correctly using YOU’RE

37. Word Choice Lose, Loose Lose is only a verb. To lose means to suffer a loss, to be deprived of, to part with, or to fail to keep possession of something. Lose is only a verb. To lose means to suffer a loss, to be deprived of, to part with, or to fail to keep possession of something. Lose four games in a row in the NFL and you’re pretty much finished. Lose four games in a row in the NFL and you’re pretty much finished. Loose is mainly and adjective used to describe things that are not tightly fitted. Loose is mainly and adjective used to describe things that are not tightly fitted. Make sure your rope isn’t loose before you repel off of that cliff. Make sure your rope isn’t loose before you repel off of that cliff.

38. Word Choice Loss, Lost Loss: used as a noun. A loss is an abstract noun that represents something that has been lost. Loss: used as a noun. A loss is an abstract noun that represents something that has been lost. Sarah suffered a great loss when she wrecked her new car. Sarah suffered a great loss when she wrecked her new car. Lost: a verb or a verbal (past participle)…looks like a verb, but is actually describing something or someone. Lost: a verb or a verbal (past participle)…looks like a verb, but is actually describing something or someone. I can’t find my cleats, they’re lost. I can’t find my cleats, they’re lost.

39. Word Choice Who vs. Whom Who: should be used in the subject position in a sentence. Who: should be used in the subject position in a sentence. Who made this decision? Who made this decision? W hom : should be used in the object position, and also is usually after a preposition. W hom : should be used in the object position, and also is usually after a preposition. For whom/to whom/from whom For whom/to whom/from whom

40. Word Choice Use the he/him method to decide which word is correct. he = who him = whom Use the he/him method to decide which word is correct. he = who him = whom Who/Whom wrote the letter? He wrote the letter. Therefore, who is correct. Who/Whom wrote the letter? He wrote the letter. Therefore, who is correct. For who/whom should I vote? Should I vote for him? Therefore, whom is correct. For who/whom should I vote? Should I vote for him? Therefore, whom is correct. We all know who/whom pulled that prank. We all know who/whom pulled that prank.

41. Word Choice Who’s vs. Whose Who’s : a contraction of who is or who has. Who’s : a contraction of who is or who has. Who’s that over by the pool? Who’s that over by the pool? Whose: the possessive form of who or which. Whose: the possessive form of who or which. Whose towel is on the ground? Whose towel is on the ground?

42. Word Choice Think of it this way: If you were to replace it with who is or who has, would it work? If yes, you want who’s. If not, you want whose. Think of it this way: If you were to replace it with who is or who has, would it work? If yes, you want who’s. If not, you want whose.

43. Word Choice Good vs. Well Good is an adjective describing someone or something. Good is an adjective describing someone or something. Well is an adverb answering the question how. Well is an adverb answering the question how. You did a good job. Good describes job, which is a noun, so good is an adjective. You did a good job. Good describes job, which is a noun, so good is an adjective. You did the job well. Well answers how the job was performed, making it an adverb. You did the job well. Well answers how the job was performed, making it an adverb.

44. Word Choice To, Too, Two To : a preposition before a noun or as an infinitive before a verb. To : a preposition before a noun or as an infinitive before a verb. Lets go to the movies. Lets go to the movies. I want to go dancing! I want to go dancing!

45. Word Choice Too: a synonym for also or to indicate excessiveness before a verb. Too: a synonym for also or to indicate excessiveness before a verb. Usually, if you can replace too with also in the same sentence, and it still makes sense, then you are using it correctly. Usually, if you can replace too with also in the same sentence, and it still makes sense, then you are using it correctly. Can Brent come too? Can Brent come too? I ate too much! I ate too much!

46. Word Choice Two: spells out the number 2. If you can replace two with 2 in the same sentence, and it still makes sense, then you are using it correctly. This should be the easiest one! Two: spells out the number 2. If you can replace two with 2 in the same sentence, and it still makes sense, then you are using it correctly. This should be the easiest one! I have two hands and two feet. I have two hands and two feet. Rule: Numbers 1-10 you spell out when writing; numbers 11 and up you may use the actual numbers! Rule: Numbers 1-10 you spell out when writing; numbers 11 and up you may use the actual numbers! Who wants to write out one million, six hundred seventy thousand, and forty two????? Who wants to write out one million, six hundred seventy thousand, and forty two????? Now, writing out ten or six, that I can do. Now, writing out ten or six, that I can do.

48. Spelling Words 1.tremendous 2.moccasin 3.beneficial 4.synchronize 5.believe 6.thoroughly 7.chronological 8.retrieve 9.glimpse 10.weird 11.mediocre 12.perception 13.irrelevant 14.perspective 15.preliminary 16.naïve 17.perceive 18.deceitful 19.preferable 20.commemorate

49. Good Spelling Habits 1.Pronounce the words correctly when you speak. 2.Slow down and spell by syllables 3.Use a dictionary anytime you have a question 4.Keep a spelling notebook to list and review words that are difficult for you 5.Proofread for careless spelling errors WHENEVER you write

50. ie and ei WARNING: there are exceptions to the following rule, but it is the most common for deciding which to use. Other than this rule, your only option is to memorize spellings. WARNING: there are exceptions to the following rule, but it is the most common for deciding which to use. Other than this rule, your only option is to memorize spellings.

51. ie and ei Use ie when the sound is a long e, except after c Use ie when the sound is a long e, except after c I before E except after C or when sounding like AY as in neighbor and weigh I before E except after C or when sounding like AY as in neighbor and weigh Examples: belief, receipt Examples: belief, receipt Exceptions: either, neither, leisure Exceptions: either, neither, leisure

52. ie and ei Write ei when the sound is a short e or a long a. Write ei when the sound is a short e or a long a. Examples: Examples: Neighbor, forfeit, weight Neighbor, forfeit, weight EXCEPTIONS: ancient, conscience, friend (all short e’ s) EXCEPTIONS: ancient, conscience, friend (all short e’ s)

53. -sede, -ceed, and -cede In the English language, the only word ending in In the English language, the only word ending in –sede is supersede. –sede is supersede. The only words ending in –ceed: The only words ending in –ceed: exceed exceed proceed proceed succeed. succeed. Most other words with this sound end in – cede. Most other words with this sound end in – cede. Examples: concede, intercede, precede, recede Examples: concede, intercede, precede, recede

54. Practice 1.Do pages 327-329 in your workbooks (due tomorrow) 2.Write each of your spelling words in cursive 5 times (due Thursday)

55. Prefixes and Suffixes Using your chart, fill in the following information. Using your chart, fill in the following information.

56. Prefixes Prefixes : when adding a prefix to a word, do not change the spelling of the actual word itself, you simply throw it on the front of the word. Prefixes : when adding a prefix to a word, do not change the spelling of the actual word itself, you simply throw it on the front of the word. Examples: Examples: Im +prove = improve Im +prove = improve Dis+ solve = dissove Dis+ solve = dissove

57. Suffixes Rule 1 Suffixes : when adding the suffix –ly or –ness to a word, do not dhange the spelling of the actual word! Suffixes : when adding the suffix –ly or –ness to a word, do not dhange the spelling of the actual word! Example: Example: Careful + ly = carefully Careful + ly = carefully Calm + ness = calmness Calm + ness = calmness Exceptions : For words that end in y and have more than one syllable, change the y to i before adding –ly or –ness. Exceptions : For words that end in y and have more than one syllable, change the y to i before adding –ly or –ness. merry+ ly = merrily merry+ ly = merrily busy + ness = business busy + ness = business

58. Suffixes Rule 2 Drop the final silent e before adding a suffix beginning with a vowel (a,e,i,o,u) Drop the final silent e before adding a suffix beginning with a vowel (a,e,i,o,u) Examples: Examples: Age + ing = aging Age + ing = aging Freeze + able = freezable Freeze + able = freezable Exceptions : keep the final silent e in a word ending in ce or ge before adding a suffix beginning with a or o Exceptions : keep the final silent e in a word ending in ce or ge before adding a suffix beginning with a or o Examples : traceable, dyeing, and mileage Examples : traceable, dyeing, and mileage

59. Suffixes Rule 3 Keep the final silent e before adding a suffix beginning with a consonant Keep the final silent e before adding a suffix beginning with a consonant Examples: Examples: place + ment = placement place + ment = placement Face + less = faceless Face + less = faceless Exceptions: Exceptions: Ninth, truly, awful, argument, judgment, wholly Ninth, truly, awful, argument, judgment, wholly

60. Suffixes Rule 4 For words ending in y preceded by a consonant, change the y to i before any suffix that does not begin with i. For words ending in y preceded by a consonant, change the y to i before any suffix that does not begin with i. Examples: Examples: Fancy + ful = fanciful Fancy + ful = fanciful Scurry + ing = scurrying Scurry + ing = scurrying

61. Suffixes Rule 5 For words ending in y preceded by a vowel, keep the y when adding a suffix. For words ending in y preceded by a vowel, keep the y when adding a suffix. Examples: Examples: Play + ing = playing Play + ing = playing Deploy + able = deployable Deploy + able = deployable Exceptions: Exceptions: Day + ly = daily Day + ly = daily Lay + ed = laid Lay + ed = laid Pay + ed = paid Pay + ed = paid Say + ed = said Say + ed = said

62. Suffixes Rule 6 Double the final consonant before adding a suffix beginning with a vowel if the word: Double the final consonant before adding a suffix beginning with a vowel if the word: 1. has only one syllable or has the accent on the last syllable 1. has only one syllable or has the accent on the last syllable 2. ends in a single consonant preceded by a single word 2. ends in a single consonant preceded by a single word Examples: Examples: Bat + ed = batted Bat + ed = batted Run + er = runner Run + er = runner Begin + ing = beginning Begin + ing = beginning

63. Practice 1.Complete pages 330-334 in your workbooks 2.Continue practicing writing your spelling words (test tomorrow)