2. Reeves Petroff Pesticide Education Specialist Montana Cooperative Extension Service

3. Toxicity Routes of exposure PPE 1 st Aid

4. What are pesticides? -cides Pesticides Insecticides HerbicidesRodenticides

5. Toxicity of Pesticides Toxicity – capability of a substance to cause injury or death. How poisonous it is!

6. Risk? Hazard = Toxicity x Exposure

7. Pesticide Injuries

8. Injuries – Mixing and Loading 60% of injuries Application - 38% 57% of all injuries are systemic. About 25% are eye injuries 37% of all - law violations – drift, no PPE

9. Herbicides – developed to kill plants. - Skin, eye damage - sensitization, allergic Insecticides – true poisons

10. Modern Insecticides Organochlorines – DDT,Organochlorines – DDT, Enderin, Dieldrin, Endosulfan –Disrupts sodium channels Organophosphates – Organophosphates – Parathion, Malathion, Di-syston, Cygon, Diazinon, Dursban, Lorsban, Reldan, Guthion - Cholinesterase inhibitor - irreversible Carbamates Carbamates – Lannate, Furadan, Sevin - Cholinesterase inhibitor - reversible Page 13

11. Cholinesterase Inhibition Axon Synapse Acetylcholine Cholin- esterase

12. Cholinesterase Inhibition Neuron Cholin- esterase Cholinesterase inhibitor

13. OP – Atropine – stops nerve response - 2 PAM chloride – restores function Carbamates - Reversible Atropine only Antidotes for OP Poisoning

14. TOXICITY Pesticide’s power to kill or cause serious damage to the body. Acute toxicity - after a single exposure or dose. Symptoms occur within minutes of the exposure or from 12 to 24 hours after the exposure has occurred. Acute toxic effects are nearly always the result of an accident or careless handling. Usually occurs with more toxic pesticides Page 39

15. Measuring Toxicity – LD 50

16. Some Common Oral LD 50 Values Aldicarb (Temik) (I) – ----------------------0.9 Ethyl parathion (I) - -------------------------3 Carbofuran (Furadan)(I) -------------------8 Methyl parathion (I) – ----------------------9 Caffeine-----------------------------------------200 2,4-D (H)----------------------------------------375 Table Salt---------------------------------------3750 Permethrin (Ambush) (I) ------------------4000 Imathamethabenz-methyl (Assert) (H)-->5000 Glyphosate (Roundup)(H)-------------------5600 Picloram (Tordon)(H)------------------------8200 Captan (F)--------------------------------------9000 Dose makes the Poison! Alcohol!

17. Toxicity Testing Lab Test Conducted Dermal – skin Oral Inhalation Eyes Testing determines “signal words”

18. Signal Words Danger-Poison 0-50 oral LD 50 Danger Corrosive(0-200 dermal LD 50 Warning 50-500 LD 50 Caution >500 LD 50

19. …..Signal Words…... Indicate the relative acute toxicity of a pesticide Highly toxic or highly corrosive Few drops to 1 Teaspoon to kill

20. Moderately toxic - 1 Teaspoon To 1 Tablespoon to kill Least Toxic - 1 Tablespoon to a pint or more.

21. CHRONIC TOXICITY The delayed effects of regular repeated exposures over a long period of time. Long term health effects –Potential tumors –Birth defects –Reproductive effects –Systemic effects –Allergic effects Occurs often with least toxic pesticides – people become careless due to low toxicity rating

23. What part of a pesticide operation is usually the most hazardous? Why? What toxic effect is usually the result of an accident? True or False A high LD 50 means that something is very poisonous. A compound with an oral LD 50 of 0-20 would probably get which signal word? True or False. LD 50 is a good measure of chronic toxicity.

24. SYSTEMIC EFFECTS Usually affects: Circulatory System Nervous System Skin Lungs Liver and Kidneys Anemia, no clotting Jaundice, kidney failure Rashes, sores that won’t heal Trembles, neuropathy Emphysema, asthma Usually a result of long-term chronic exposure Pesticide-caused

25. ALLERGIC EFFECTS Pesticide-triggered Become Sensitized Influenced by genetics Allergic reaction - Asthma or even shock, ---Skin irritation, rashes, blisters, or open sores. Eye, nose and throat irritation, such as itchy, watery eyes; sneezing and tightness in the throat, Photosensitivity

26. Pesticides and the Body Routes of Exposure Where most pesticide exposures occur! EC = + absorption Cuts, scrapes, hot ‘n sweaty Remove Wash Change Doctor if feeling ill Usually accidental Improper storage Induce vomiting? Vapors, mists --Mixing-- when pouring Accidents

27. Can be confused with: –Flu –Heat injuries –Food poisoning –Asthma Pesticide Poisoning Symptoms Symptoms may be delayed 12 – 24 hours after exposure

28. Heat Injuries Look Like Pesticide Injuries Sweating Headache Fatigue Dry Membranes Dry Mouth No tears or spit Fast pulse Dilated pupils Confusion Loss of coordination Sweating Headache Fatigue Moist Membranes Salivation, spit, tears Slow pulse Pinpoint Pupils Confusion Loss of coordination Heat InjuriesPesticide Injuries

29. Basic First Aid Clear the A irway Maintain B reathing Maintain C irculation – stop bleeding, treat for shock Prevent the D isability – stop contamination

30. Prevention is best 1 st aid. Is there anything you need to know ahead of time? Do not induce vomiting unless the label directs it! Take the label to the hospital! Is special PPE required?

31. Only atropine is used to counteract the effects of what type of insecticide. The onset of _______ symptoms within 12-24 hours of pesticide spraying may indicate pesticide poisoning What Signal word best indicates the corrosive effects of a pesticide? Most pesticide exposures are to what part of the body?

32. Protecting your Bod! Skin Eyes Ingestion Inhalation

33. Rates of Absorption

35. Gloves Unlined gloves (BLM) Do Not Wear Leather Gloves! Do Not Wear exam gloves! Check for holes often! Want at least 14 mils

36. Gloves

37. Glove Material Classification A -- Dry or water based pesticide formulation. B ---Pesticide with acetate as the carrier solvent. C ---Pesticide with alcohol as the carrier solvent. D ---Pesticide with halogenated hydrocarbons as the carrier. E ---Pesticide with ketones (acetone) as the carrier solvent. Poast Plus®, Weedone 638®, 2,4-D LV 6 Ester® F ---Pesticide with ketone and aromatic petroleum distillate mixtures as the carrier solvent. Example - Di-syston 8® G ---Pesticide with aliphatic petroleum distillates ( such as kerosene, petroleum oil or mineral oil as the carrier solvent. Example - Guthion 2L® H ---Pesticide carrier = aromatic petroleum distillates ( xylene)

38. Glove Material Nitrile – Good overall protection, $2.39/pr Neoprene – Softer, better dexterity - $5.16 Natural Rubber – Use only on dry or water based formulations - $11-18.00/pr Butyl – For High Toxicity Pesticides - $18.45 PVC – Anyhydrous ammonia - $4.00/pr Viton – Superior Protection but $174.50/pr

39. - Coveralls – BLM Standards - Handling & Application (H-9011-1 Chemical Pest Control)

40. Coveralls For Toxicity Class III or IV – Cotton (tight weave), Kleenguard® coveralls For Toxicity Class (II) – Possibly cotton, Tyvek. For Toxicty Class I – PVC, Nitrile, Tychem®, sealed or serged seams.

41. Woven Materials Laminated vs. Woven

42. PVC Polyethylene coated Tyvek

44. Protecting Your Head Straw Hat? No. Ball Cap? No..No Yes! BLM H-9011-1 pg. II-6

45. Eye Protection Goggles Face Shields Safety Glasses But never wear contacts when spraying pesticides!!! Required for pouring or mixing

46. RespiratorsRespirators

47. Respirators What does a respirator do? A respirator filters out substances or blocks gases or vapors that can cause harm to the lungs (route of exposure)

48. Types of respirators? DUST/MIST TC-21C

49. Types of Respirators Gases & Vapors Color-coded –Black – organic vapors –Green – Anhydrous Ammonia –Purple - HEPA Prefilters –N, P, or R –95 or 100 % efficiency Cartridge

50. Types of Respirators Move filter air over face Battery pack Beards, small faces Heart & lung conditions Powered Air-purifying Respirator (PAR)

51. Selecting A Respirator …First ask yourself… 1.Specific Hazards? 2.Duration? 3.Type of protection (full face? Half?, SCBA) 4.Label? 5.Nature of contaminant (dust, vapor, etc) 6.IDLH?

52. Choosing an approved respirator READ THE PESTICIDE LABEL FIRST!

53. Fitting a respirator

55. Washing Pesticide Contaminated Clothing Any clothing or equipment used to apply pesticides should be considered to be contaminated and should be cleaned. AND UNDERCLOTHING: INCLUDES PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

56. WHAT IS THE RELATIVE TOXICITY OF THE PESTICIDE? ANY SPECIAL LAUNDERING INSTRUCTIONS ON THE LABEL? DO YOU HAVE THE LABEL ON HAND? Wear Gloves when handling contaminated clothing SIGNAL WORDS

57. Separate from other items of the family laundry. Store in separate containers and mark them. Pre-treat – Wash in a bucket and hang on line to dry. Use the rinse water for upcoming spraying activities Does the person doing the laundry know?

58. Separate from family laundry. Use a full tub of water Hottest water possible – 120 to 140 o F Maximum load setting - lots of circulation around clothing No less than a 12 minute cycle. Choose a heavy-duty liquid detergent.

59. Fabric Treatments Add fabric starch or fabric treatment after laundering pesticide contaminated clothing. Scotchgard ™ - repels Starch – absorbs Temporary

60. Keep PPE as clean as possible. Multiple laundering is recommended! Signal Word! Clean the washer after use. Swab down the inside of the washer tub. Run an empty cycle with detergent and hot water before the washer is used to launder family items.

61. Dry cleaning is not recommended Solvents Use separate washing machine for pesticide-contaminated clothing.

62. T or F You should never wash pesticides in hot water. T or F It is okay to wear contacts when spraying pesticides as long as you have other eye protection. True or False Eye protection is required for BLM applicators when mixing and pouring. BLM policy requires that gloves used to handle pesticide be ___________. What type of headgear is required of BLM applicators?

63. PROTECT YOURSELF Pesticides are designed to kill something! Don’t let it be you!