1. Consumer and Producer Surplus
Micro:
Econ: 13 49
Module
Consumer and Producer Surplus
KRUGMAN'S
MICROECONOMICS for AP*
Margaret Ray and David Anderson

2. What you will learn in this Module:
The meaning of consumer surplus and its relationship to the demand curve.
The meaning of producer surplus and its relationship to the supply curve.
The purpose of this module is to show students how to measure the mutual benefit buyers and sellers enjoy when goods are exchanged. Students will learn how consumer and producer surplus emerges from transactions, how to see this surplus in a graph, and how to compute it.

3. Consumer Surplus
Consumer surplus measures the difference between what a consumer is willing to pay for a good and what he/she actually has to pay.
Consumers get all happy and giddy when prices fall. How do we measure this additional happiness? What units would we use to tabulate it? How about a unit of measurement that is easy to observe and compute: money.   
Anytime a consumer pays less than his/her willingness to pay, the consumer walks away with that happy feeling that we call consumer surplus.

4. Willingness to Pay
Willingness to pay and the demand curve
Willingness to pay and consumer surplus
The difference between what the consumer is willing to pay and what the consumer actually pays is the individual’s consumer surplus. It represents the net gain in happiness for the consumer. We measure it in dollars and call it consumer surplus.
Willingness to pay is found along the demand curve. Basically the WTP numbers can be used as a demand schedule and graphed like a step-wise demand curve. The height of the rectangles represents the WTP.
The difference between what the consumer is willing to pay and what the consumer actually pays is the individual’s consumer surplus. It represents the net gain in happiness for the consumer. We measure it in dollars and call it consumer surplus.

5. Calculating Consumer Surplus
The area of the consumer surplus triangle will be ½ (base) (height).
If there are many buyers of a good, we can smooth out the demand curve to look like the linear demand curves we typically draw. The total consumer surplus would then be seen as the area below the demand curve (WTP) and above the price.
The area of the consumer surplus triangle will be ½ (base) (height).

6. Producer Surplus
Producer surplus measures the difference between the price producers receive for a good and the cost of producing the good.
Sellers enjoy higher prices and the benefit they receive is equal to the difference between the price received from the sale and the cost of producing each unit. In fact this cost represents the minimum price the seller must receive to offer that unit to the market. As the price rises higher and higher above this cost, the seller earns more and more benefit: producer surplus.

7. Cost and Producer Surplus
Cost and the supply curve
Cost and producer surplus
Producer cost is found along the supply curve. For each unit of output, producer surplus is the difference between price and the cost of producing that unit.
The total producer surplus would then be seen as the area above the supply curve (cost) and below the price.

8. Calculating Producer Surplus
The area of the consumer surplus triangle will be ½ (base) (height).
The total producer surplus would then be seen as the area above the supply curve (cost) and below the price.

9. Changes in Price affect Consumer and Producer Surplus
If price decreases,
Consumer surplus increases (willingness to pay is the same, but the price paid is lower)
Producer surplus deceases (costs are the same, but the price received is lower)
If price increases,
Consumer surplus decreases (willingness to pay is the same, but the price paid is higher)
Producer surplus increases (costs are the same, but the price received is higher)

10. Total Surplus = Consumer Surplus + Producer Surplus
Total surplus in the market is equal to consumer surplus plus producer surplus.

11. Figure The Demand Curve for Used Textbooks Ray and Anderson: Krugman’s Economics for AP, First Edition Copyright © 2011 by Worth Publishers

12. Table Consumer Surplus When the Price of a Used Textbook Is $30 Ray and Anderson: Krugman’s Economics for AP, First Edition Copyright © 2011 by Worth Publishers

13. Figure Consumer Surplus in the Used-Textbook Market Ray and Anderson: Krugman’s Economics for AP, First Edition Copyright © 2011 by Worth Publishers

14. New Price
Figure Consumer Surplus and a Fall in the Price of Used Textbooks Ray and Anderson: Krugman’s Economics for AP, First Edition Copyright © 2011 by Worth Publishers

15. Figure The Supply Curve for Used Textbooks Ray and Anderson: Krugman’s Economics for AP, First Edition Copyright © 2011 by Worth Publishers

16. Table Producer Surplus When the Price of a Used Textbook Is $30 Ray and Anderson: Krugman’s Economics for AP, First Edition Copyright © 2011 by Worth Publishers

17. Figure Producer Surplus in the Used-Textbook Market Ray and Anderson: Krugman’s Economics for AP, First Edition Copyright © 2011 by Worth Publishers

18. Figure Producer Surplus Ray and Anderson: Krugman’s Economics for AP, First Edition Copyright © 2011 by Worth Publishers

19. Figure A Rise in the Price Increases Producer Surplus Ray and Anderson: Krugman’s Economics for AP, First Edition Copyright © 2011 by Worth Publishers