1. © 1997-2010 North Slope Training Cooperative—revised 2010. All rights reserved. Hydrogen Sulfide and Iron Sulfide Course Number NSTC-21 Revised 11–2010

2. © 1997-2010 North Slope Training Cooperative—revised 2010. All rights reserved. Course Number: NSTC-21 2 Goal To ensure participants can recognize the hazardous characteristics of Hydrogen Sulfide (H 2 S) and Iron Sulfide (FeS) and be able to correctly apply the standards and procedures to safely perform work in areas where H 2 S and FeS are found.

3. © 1997-2010 North Slope Training Cooperative—revised 2010. All rights reserved. Course Number: NSTC-21 Student Instructions This self-paced course has 44 slides. The training is read-only – there is no narration. You must view this entire presentation before proceeding to the test. After completing this slideshow you will be given a test. You may refer to this slideshow as a reference while completing your test. You must receive 100% on the test in order to receive credit for this course. 3

4. © 1997-2010 North Slope Training Cooperative—revised 2010. All rights reserved. Course Number: NSTC-21 4 Objectives Participants will be able to: Identify the characteristics of H 2 S. List the hazards of H 2 S. Describe the effects of the various H 2 S concentration levels on humans. Recognize the need for monitors and alarms which identify the specific levels of H 2 S concentrations.

5. © 1997-2010 North Slope Training Cooperative—revised 2010. All rights reserved. Course Number: NSTC-21 5 Participants will be able to: Describe the proper notification procedures for an H 2 S emergency. Describe the appropriate rescue and emergency treatment for a person exposed to high levels of H 2 S. Objectives

6. © 1997-2010 North Slope Training Cooperative—revised 2010. All rights reserved. Course Number: NSTC-21 6 Introduction to H 2 S

7. © 1997-2010 North Slope Training Cooperative—revised 2010. All rights reserved. Course Number: NSTC-21 7 Characteristics of H 2 S Highly toxic gas (deadly) Colorless Burns w/blue flame and produces Sulfur Dioxide (SO 2 ) Highly corrosive to certain metals (hydrogen embrittlement) Flammable (LEL 4%~UEL 44% by volume) Odor of rotten eggs or sulfur at low concentrations Soluble in water Heavier than air (VD=1.19) Readily dispersed by wind movement

8. © 1997-2010 North Slope Training Cooperative—revised 2010. All rights reserved. Course Number: NSTC-21 8 How Is H 2 S Formed? H 2 S may be found naturally in swamps and sewers where it is formed during the decomposition of organic material. It is present in unrefined carbon fuels and is formed during production when sulfate- reducing bacteria are introduced into an O 2 deficient atmosphere where those materials are present. An example would be the injection of untreated sea water into a well to increase formation pressure.

9. © 1997-2010 North Slope Training Cooperative—revised 2010. All rights reserved. Course Number: NSTC-21 9 Where Is H 2 S Found? Natural & Industrial Settings Produced Water Systems Ullage/Headspace (temporary overflow) Drain Systems Vent Gas Systems TEG Effluent Streams Crude Streams Dead Legs Abandoned Systems Wellhead Cellars

10. © 1997-2010 North Slope Training Cooperative—revised 2010. All rights reserved. Course Number: NSTC-21 10 ASH, page 157; BP ASH, page 77 Warning Signs for H 2 S Designated Areas Modules and facilities will be designated as H 2 S areas when they contain a process stream with H 2 S concentrations in the vapor phase greater than 100 ppm. Entrances to these areas are marked with a CAUTION sign.

11. © 1997-2010 North Slope Training Cooperative—revised 2010. All rights reserved. Course Number: NSTC-21 11 H 2 S designated wellhouse shelters with a process stream at or greater than 300 ppm will be identified with a Danger Sign and shall be tested prior to each entry. Warning Signs for H 2 S Designated Areas ASH, page 158; BP ASH, page 78

12. © 1997-2010 North Slope Training Cooperative—revised 2010. All rights reserved. Course Number: NSTC-21 12 Effects of H 2 S Exposure

13. © 1997-2010 North Slope Training Cooperative—revised 2010. All rights reserved. Course Number: NSTC-21 13 How H 2 S Enters the Body

14. © 1997-2010 North Slope Training Cooperative—revised 2010. All rights reserved. Course Number: NSTC-21 14 Effects of Inhaling H 2 S Loss of smell occurs within 2–2.5 minutes at 100 ppm. Loss of consciousness occurs at 500 ppm. Asphyxiation occurs at concentrations greater than 1000 ppm. Exposure to high concentrations of H 2 S should not have lasting effects if the person is quickly revived.

15. © 1997-2010 North Slope Training Cooperative—revised 2010. All rights reserved. Course Number: NSTC-21 15 Factors that Affect Exposure Duration (Time) Frequency (Number of exposures) Intensity (Concentration) Individual Susceptibility

16. © 1997-2010 North Slope Training Cooperative—revised 2010. All rights reserved. Course Number: NSTC-21 16 Physical Symptoms of Short Term, Low Level H 2 S Exposure Skin / eye irritation (10–50 ppm) Dryness in throat and mouth (50–100 ppm) Nausea (100–200 ppm) Headache / dizziness (100–200 ppm) Coughing (100–200 ppm)

17. © 1997-2010 North Slope Training Cooperative—revised 2010. All rights reserved. Course Number: NSTC-21 17 Skin / eye irritation Fatigue Loss of appetite Headaches Illogical thinking Physical Symptoms of Long Term, Low Level H 2 S Exposure Irrational behavior Dryness in throat and mouth Coughing Loss of consciousness

18. © 1997-2010 North Slope Training Cooperative—revised 2010. All rights reserved. Course Number: NSTC-21 18 Responses to H 2 S ConcentrationResponse < 1 ppmLower odor threshold 10 ppmPersonal alarm should sound >10 ppmSupplied air respirator required 100 ppm IDLH (NIOSH)

19. © 1997-2010 North Slope Training Cooperative—revised 2010. All rights reserved. Course Number: NSTC-21 19 Responses to H 2 S ConcentrationResponse 150–500 ppm Olfactory nerve paralysis 500–700 ppm Loss of consciousness; death 30+ minutes 700–1000 ppm Rapid unconsciousness; death 1000–2000 ppm Immediate unconsciousness; death in a few minutes

20. © 1997-2010 North Slope Training Cooperative—revised 2010. All rights reserved. Course Number: NSTC-21 20 H 2 S Detection Devices

21. © 1997-2010 North Slope Training Cooperative—revised 2010. All rights reserved. Course Number: NSTC-21 21 Types of Monitors Personal Monitors Examples: ISC T40 Rattler, Gas Badge Plus, BW, MS Tox: worn by employee on outside of clothing Electronic Portable Monitors Examples: ISC LTX 310/312 Multi-Gas Monitor (1–3 gas) TMX 410/412 Multi-Gas Monitor (1–4 gas) ITX Multi-Gas Monitor (1–6 gas)

22. © 1997-2010 North Slope Training Cooperative—revised 2010. All rights reserved. Course Number: NSTC-21 22 Types of Monitors Fixed Electronic Sensors Hardwired gas detection Visual/audible alarms and display monitors

23. © 1997-2010 North Slope Training Cooperative—revised 2010. All rights reserved. Course Number: NSTC-21 23 Protection Against H 2 S Hazards

24. © 1997-2010 North Slope Training Cooperative—revised 2010. All rights reserved. Course Number: NSTC-21 24 Protection Measures Personnel Training, Roles and Responsibilities Safety Equipment: Supplied Air or Self- Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) Emergency Procedures and Contingency Plans Safe Work Practices and Permits

25. © 1997-2010 North Slope Training Cooperative—revised 2010. All rights reserved. Course Number: NSTC-21 25 Unit Operator or Issuing Authority Responsibilities Perform necessary H 2 S gas checks. Note on permits where H 2 S could be present. Check that personnel are using personal monitors in H 2 S designated areas. Check that personnel are wearing supplied breathing air when working in an area where H 2 S exceeds 10 ppm. ASH, page 155; BP ASH, page 76

26. © 1997-2010 North Slope Training Cooperative—revised 2010. All rights reserved. Course Number: NSTC-21 26 First Line Supervisor or Area Authority Responsibilities Ensure all H 2 S related activities are in accordance with company standards. ASH, page 155; BP ASH, pages 76-77

27. © 1997-2010 North Slope Training Cooperative—revised 2010. All rights reserved. Course Number: NSTC-21 27 Company or Contractor Work Group Leader Responsibilities Contact Control Room/DS/Well Pad Operator for approval to enter the H 2 S designated area. Ensure personnel are H 2 S trained and provide documentation on request. Provide pre-job review with personnel of facility alarms, evacuation routes, assembly points, etc. Provide protective equipment and monitors. ASH, pages 155–156; BP ASH, page 77

28. © 1997-2010 North Slope Training Cooperative—revised 2010. All rights reserved. Course Number: NSTC-21 28 Company or Contractor Work Group Leader Responsibilities Be aware of the wind direction and choose an evacuation path accordingly. Conduct personnel head count after an evacuation, H 2 S or gas alarm and report status to Control Room or Drillsite / Well Pad Operator. Assign a trained back-up, with ready access to supplied breathing air, when working in H 2 S atmospheres of 10 ppm or greater. ASH, page 156; BP ASH, page 77

29. © 1997-2010 North Slope Training Cooperative—revised 2010. All rights reserved. Course Number: NSTC-21 29 Know and understand the H 2 S facility alarms. Provide evidence of required H 2 S training upon request. Have the training and ability to properly use supplied air breathing apparatus if required to assist in rescue or facility isolation. Report to the designated briefing area for accountability upon hearing an alarm. Leave the area at once if levels of H 2 S are 10 ppm or greater and notify Operations personnel. Worker Responsibilities ASH, page 156; BP ASH, page 77

30. © 1997-2010 North Slope Training Cooperative—revised 2010. All rights reserved. Course Number: NSTC-21 30 Safety Measures at the Job Site Identify site specific rules, routes, and primary and secondary safe areas. Observe conditions, signs, and audio/visual alarms. Check wind direction. Evacuate up wind. Look for personnel and their activity.

31. © 1997-2010 North Slope Training Cooperative—revised 2010. All rights reserved. Course Number: NSTC-21 31 Safety Measures at the Job Site Enter the job site cautiously. Have a minimum of two escape routes. Always be aware of surrounding conditions. Provide for continuous gas monitoring.

32. © 1997-2010 North Slope Training Cooperative—revised 2010. All rights reserved. Course Number: NSTC-21 32 Safety Measures at the Job Site Personal gas monitors shall be worn at all times in an H 2 S designated area. When more than one individual will be working in the same area, at least one personal monitor shall be assigned to the group as determined by the Work Group Leader or Supervisor. ASH, page 158; BP ASH, page 78

33. © 1997-2010 North Slope Training Cooperative—revised 2010. All rights reserved. Course Number: NSTC-21 33 Information for Reporting Emergencies Your name Location of the emergency Nature of the emergency What is involved Number of personnel involved, if any Other information that you have Your phone, beeper & radio call sign

34. © 1997-2010 North Slope Training Cooperative—revised 2010. All rights reserved. Course Number: NSTC-21 34 Rescue Procedures Evacuate the area Activate the emergency response system Call the emergency number from safe phone Warn other people away from the affected area

35. © 1997-2010 North Slope Training Cooperative—revised 2010. All rights reserved. Course Number: NSTC-21 35 Trained Rescuers Contact qualified back-up help Don SCBA Move victim to fresh air (TWO individuals rescue while TWO stand by) Begin CPR Do not leave victim unattended Report the incident to the Medical Facility

36. © 1997-2010 North Slope Training Cooperative—revised 2010. All rights reserved. Course Number: NSTC-21 36 Always Be Aware of the Hazards of H 2 S

37. © 1997-2010 North Slope Training Cooperative—revised 2010. All rights reserved. Course Number: NSTC-21 37 Introduction to Iron Sulfide (FeS)

38. © 1997-2010 North Slope Training Cooperative—revised 2010. All rights reserved. Course Number: NSTC-21 38 Objectives Participants will be able to: Identify iron sulfide sources in the workplace. Explain the hazards of iron sulfide. Identify appropriate practices to minimize exposures to personnel and property while opening any tank, vessel, or piping which has contained a hydrocarbon product and may contain iron sulfide.

39. © 1997-2010 North Slope Training Cooperative—revised 2010. All rights reserved. Course Number: NSTC-21 39 What Is Iron Sulfide? Iron sulfide is iron that has reacted with hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) in an oxygen deficient environment. Iron sulfide has the formula FeS. Iron sulfide may be commonly referred to as ferrous sulfide.

40. © 1997-2010 North Slope Training Cooperative—revised 2010. All rights reserved. Course Number: NSTC-21 40 Where is Iron Sulfide Found? Iron sulfide may be present in petroleum process equipment that is in H 2 S service such as piping, vessels, tanks, and exchangers. It may be present in scale, sediment or sludge inside process equipment and piping. ASH, page 158; BP ASH, pages 78-79

41. © 1997-2010 North Slope Training Cooperative—revised 2010. All rights reserved. Course Number: NSTC-21 41 Iron Sulfide Hazards Iron sulfide is pyrophoric. It will ignite in the presence of ambient air without an ignition source. Burning iron sulfide may emit toxic fumes of sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ). ASH, page 158; BP ASH, pages 78-79

42. © 1997-2010 North Slope Training Cooperative—revised 2010. All rights reserved. Course Number: NSTC-21 42 Iron Sulfide Control Measures Prior to opening process equipment that potentially contains iron sulfide, every effort shall be made to clean the equipment by water washing or steam cleaning. Keep equipment and vessel internals wetted until laboratory analysis determines if the sludge or scale is non-pyrophoric. ASH, page 158; BP ASH, pages 78-79

43. © 1997-2010 North Slope Training Cooperative—revised 2010. All rights reserved. Course Number: NSTC-21 43 Iron Sulfide Control Measures All iron sulfide removed from equipment should be immediately discarded into metal containers with tight fitting lids and wetted thoroughly. It should then be labeled and disposed of according to the Alaska Waste Disposal & Reuse Guide (Red Book). If iron sulfide does ignite, SCBA’s must be used while extinguishing the fire with water. ASH, page 158 ; BP ASH, pages 78-79

44. © 1997-2010 North Slope Training Cooperative—revised 2010. All rights reserved. Course Number: NSTC-21 44 Summary Know the hazards of hydrogen sulfide and iron sulfide and where they are located. Take precautions to protect yourself and others against these dangerous hazards. Follow proper procedures for entering areas which may contain hydrogen sulfide and/or iron sulfide. Follow proper emergency procedures.