1. Fish Mercury Impairment in California Reservoirs: Historic Mines and Other Factors EPA Region 9 State-of-the-Science Workshop on Mercury Remediation in Aquatic Environments September 26, 2013 California Water Boards Multi-Region Team Michelle Wood, Carrie Austin, Steve Louie & many others

2. WANTED: Your Feedback! Outline Introduction to Statewide Mercury Control Program for Reservoirs Quick overview of: California reservoirs fish MeHg impairment Linkage between fish MeHg bioaccumulation, sources, and other factors Mercury sources and where they occur Where might mine remediation enable measurable and timely fish mercury reductions? 2

3. total mercury (Hg) inorganic mercury Outline Introduction to Statewide Mercury Control Program for Reservoirs Quick overview of: California reservoirs fish MeHg impairment Linkage between fish MeHg bioaccumulation, sources, and other factors Mercury sources and where they occur Where might mine remediation enable measurable and timely fish mercury reductions? 3 monomethylmercury MeHg

4. Statewide Mercury Control Program for Reservoirs Goal: Quickly, measurably reduce fish MeHg 4 Website with fact sheets & updates www.waterboards.ca.gov/ water_issues/programs/ mercury Sign up for email notices at: www.waterboards.ca.gov/resources/ email_subscriptions /swrcb_subscribe.shtml#quality

5. Fish MeHg Levels 74 CWA 303(d) listed reservoirs another ~70+ soon to be listed Rainbow trout have low MeHg But so do black bass! [green boxes] 5 orange Red and orange indicate fish MeHg exceeds draft target of 0.2 mg/kg Pacific Ocean California High elevation Sierra Nevada

6. Fish MeHg Levels 74 CWA 303(d) listed reservoirs another ~70+ soon to be listed 6 Control program might need to address ~500 reservoirs orange Red and orange indicate fish MeHg exceeds draft target of 0.2 mg/kg Pacific Ocean California Fish were collected from about 350 lakes and reservoirs ~50% impaired There are >1,000 reservoirs in CA

7. It’s a complicated story… 7

8. 8 Multiple Factors low sedHg, high fish MeHg variability upstream mines & high sedHg, low fish MeHg

9. 3 factors are equally important! Model Equation 9 LN [Fish methylmercury] = 0.563 * [aqueous total Hg] + 0.338 * [aqueous MeHg] / [chlorophyll-a] + 0.394 * (annual water level fluctuation) – 0.912 R 2 = 0.83 Adjusted R 2 = 0.81 Predicted R 2 = 0.72 n = 26 reservoirs, P < 0.001 MeHg

10. Today’s focus: mine waste remediation Multiple factors → Multiple possible tools 10 (a)Source control: Reduce Hg sources to reduce MeHg production in reservoirs

11. Some reservoirs are in naturally Hg-enriched areas 11

12. Mercury & Gold Mines 12 74 303(d)-Listed reservoir watershed boundaries indicated by black outline Hg Mines Au Mines

13. 13 Reservoir fish MeHg compared to modeled 2001 atmospheric Hg deposition rate Reservoirs with no record of upstream gold or mercury mines; 60 have fish MeHg > target At least 1 recorded upstream gold or mercury mine Can have high fish MeHg but low atm dep and no mines Can have low fish MeHg but very high atm Hg dep Very highest fish MeHg associated with extensive Hg mining Multiple Factors

14. Key Question: Where can mine waste remediation make quick reductions in reservoir fish MeHg? 14 Program Goal: Quickly & measurably reduce fish MeHg (a)Source control: Reduce Hg sources to reduce MeHg production in reservoirs

15. Desk-top [GIS-based] analysis: Mine factors considered High reservoir sediment Hg compared to background indicates substantial mine contribution Mine sites localized to a relatively small watershed area indicates highly contaminated soils likely not dispersed throughout watershed Mines near reservoirs (e.g., within 10 to 20 km) likely do not have many miles of creek channels filled with waste that can be difficult to remediate 15

16. Initial desk-top analysis results: 53 of the 74 Hg-impaired reservoirs have at least one recorded upstream mine or prospect Of these 53: only 3 “probably” and 2 “maybe” reservoirs where mine waste remediation expected to make timely and measurable improvements 16

17. A comparison of two neighbors… Part 1 17 350 mm Bass MeHg (mg/kg) Reservoir sediment Hg (mg/kg) Localized mines? Mine proximity (km) REMSAD atm dep rate (g/km2/yr) San Antonio0.240.07 1 prospect na8.0 (low) Nacimiento1.10.39Yes<10-208.2 (low)

18. Halfway to target A comparison of two neighbors… Part 2 18 Likely fish MeHg reduction from source control Watershed soil Hg (mg/kg) Annual reservoir water level fluctuation (feet) Aqueous MeHg Geomean [peak] (ng/L) Chlor- a (μg/L) San Antoniominimal0.04250.04 [0.9]6.2 Nacimiento~40%0.08480.08 [3.7]2.2 MeHg Linkage Model = TotHg sources + aqMeHg / Chlor-a + water level fluctuation

19. A comparison of two neighbors… Part 2 19 Likely fish MeHg reduction from source control Watershed soil Hg (mg/kg) Reservoir sediment Hg (mg/kg) Aqueous MeHg Geomean [peak] (ng/L) Chlor- a (μg/L) San Antoniominimal0.040.070.04 [0.9]6.2 Nacimiento~40%0.080.390.08 [3.7]2.2 Halfway to target Not controllable

20. A comparison of two neighbors… Part 2 20 Likely fish MeHg reduction from source control Watershed soil Hg (mg/kg) Annual reservoir water level fluctuation (feet) Aqueous MeHg Geomean [peak] (ng/L) Chlor- a (μg/L) San Antoniominimal0.04250.04 [0.9]6.2 Nacimiento~40%0.08480.08 [3.7]2.2 MeHg Linkage Model = TotHg sources + aqMeHg / Chlor-a + water level fluctuation Halfway to target Not controllable

21. Nacimiento ≈ MeHg machine! A comparison of two neighbors… Part 2 21 Likely fish MeHg reduction from source control Watershed soil Hg (mg/kg) Annual reservoir water level fluctuation (feet) Aqueous MeHg Geomean [peak] (ng/L) Chlor- a (μg/L) San Antoniominimal0.04250.04 [0.9]6.2 Nacimiento~40%0.08480.08 [3.7]2.2 Halfway to target aqMeHg/Chlor-a ratio >5x higher in Nacimiento Not controllable Likely not controllable Likely controllable

22. We evaluated: High reservoir sediment Hg compared to background Localized mine sites Mines near reservoirs 22 What other factors can we consider?  mine processes  mine productivity  others??? Key Question: Where can mine waste remediation make timely reductions in reservoir fish MeHg? We need realistic expectations of where quick improvements are possible from mine waste remediation

23. Let there be no doubt… We are still advocating mine waste remediation as a tool to reduce fish MeHg… And we are looking forward to coordinating with stakeholders to explore ways to prioritize specific sites within a watershed, e.g.… Proximity and erosion of waste to surface water: High threat - visual evidence or high potential of wastes eroding into surface waters Medium threat - wastes near waters but no visual evidence of erosion Low threat - wastes located far from waters and no visible evidence of erosion Level of Hg contamination: Historical mine processes and productivity Waste pile and portal discharges: Hg concentrations and volumes Hg concentrations in downstream water and sediment Site accessibility 23 Future Meetings

24. Find Out More, Stay in Touch Website with fact sheets & updates www.waterboards.ca.gov/ water_issues/programs/ mercury Sign up for email notices at: www.waterboards.ca.gov/resources/ email_subscriptions /swrcb_subscribe.shtml#quality Hand out Project goals & contact info Discussion questions from this presentation 24

25. We evaluated: High reservoir sediment Hg compared to background Localized mine sites Mines near reservoirs 25 What other factors can we consider?  mine processes  mine productivity  others??? Key Question: Where can mine waste remediation make timely reductions in reservoir fish MeHg? We need realistic expectations of where quick improvements are possible from mine waste remediation

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28. Extra Slides for Possible Questions 28

29. We have reasons to be hopeful… 29 Gambonini Mercury Mine Largest Hg pollution source to Walker Creek & Tomales Bay Erosion control alone – no capping! >90% Hg load reductions & >50% sediment load reductions But we don’t yet have fish MeHg data Fish MeHg Conc. (mg/kg) Lake Pinchi Mercury Mine, BC Some waste capping & erosion control since 1975 mine closure; additional remediation planned Initial dramatic fish MeHg reduction, then modest reductions Coring indicate slow burial process – no large tributaries to provide significantly cleaner sediment Source: Teck Cominco-Azimuth 2008 (Figure 4.6-1)Source: Kirchner et al. 2011 (Figure 3a) Log scale

30. Prioritizing where to start additional mine remediation within a watershed Proximity and erosion of waste to surface water: High threat - visual evidence or high potential of wastes eroding into surface waters Medium threat - wastes near waters but no visual evidence of erosion Low threat - wastes located far from waters and no visible evidence of erosion Level of Hg contamination: Historical mine processes and productivity Waste pile and portal discharges: Hg concentrations and volumes Hg concentrations in downstream water and sediment Site accessibility 30

31. Next steps Learn from what we hear today and enhance our evaluation! Have follow-up meetings with workshop participants and other interested stakeholders during the next couple months to continue to enhance the evaluation Scientific peer review of draft technical report in 2014 31

32. Nacimiento Reservoir Sediment THg 32

33. 33 Nacimiento Reservoir Fish THg (ATSDR 2007, Figure 5)

34. 34 Sources and Methylation of Mercury

35. Building a Reservoir 35 BeforeAfter

36. Linkage Analysis >30 reservoir and watershed variables This is just one analysis example… 36

37. Reservoirs: Multiple factors contribute to impairment Comes down to 3 factors: Total Hg =(a) sources MeHg/Chl-a =(b) methylation / (c) bioaccumulation Reservoir fluctuation=(b) methylation / (c) bioaccumulation 37 Several tools: Select right tool(s) for each reservoir one size fits all

38. Source control Water chemistry (decrease methylation) Fisheries management 38 Potential Solutions to Reduce Fish Mercury

39. Multiple factors → Multiple possible tools 39 (b)Water chemistry (reduce methylation): Studies & pilot tests to reduce in- reservoir MeHg production: -Reduce anoxia with artificial circulation or oxygenation, or adjust redox potential by adding nitrate -If low pH, increase pH by adding lime or reducing air emissions (NOx, SOx, etc.) that produce acid rain

40. Multiple factors → Multiple possible tools 40 (c)Fisheries & food web management: Studies & pilot tests to manage food web to reduce MeHg bioaccumulation -Add nutrients to oligotrophic reservoirs to increase productivity at food web base -Manipulate food web, e.g., intensive fishing, to increase growth rate of remaining fish -Restore native anadromous fisheries (e.g., salmon & steelhead trout) -Change stocking to increase numbers of less predatory fish

41. 41 Reservoir fish MeHg compared to modeled 2001 atmospheric Hg deposition rate No record of upstream gold or mercury mines At least 1 recorded upstream gold or mercury mine Can have high fish MeHg but low atm dep and no mines Can have low fish MeHg but very high atm Hg dep Very highest fish MeHg associated with extensive mining Multiple Factors

42. USEPA’s REMSAD 2001 model output for atmospheric Hg deposition throughout the U.S. 42 Overall, atm dep rates low in CA Some limited areas rival atm dep rates in eastern U.S. Source:USEPA 2008a (Figure 6-3c)

43. USEPA’s REMSAD 2001: % of atmospheric Hg deposition from sources CA regulators cannot regulate 43 Several reservoirs in areas with 30 to 80% of atm dep from CA industrial sources (blue arrows) YELLOW- RED: >90% natural + international industrial DARKEST GREEN: >60% CA industrial Statewide: ~10%:CA industrial sources ~60%:International industrial sources ~30%:Natural sources

44. Sources of Hg in atmospheric deposition per USEPA’s REMSAD model output for 2001 & literature review 44

45. Reservoir fish MeHg and upstream mines 45 Reservoir or lake with no upstream mines Almost half of reservoirs (~150) exceed draft target More than a third of those (~60) do not have upstream mine sites No mines, low fish MeHg No mines, high fish MeHg

46. Reservoirs with very high fish MeHg 46 ~60% ~40%

47. Mine waste remediation is a useful tool, but benefits may take a while to observe in many downstream reservoirs 47 Many reservoirs have a high density of mine sites over much of their watersheds, some with watershed sizes bigger than many countries… Need to consider mine waste already in creek and river channels that may be difficult to remediate MRDS gold mine features upstream of 303(d) Listed Hg-impaired reservoirs in the Feather, Yuba, & Bear Rivers’ watersheds

48. Mine waste remediation is a useful tool, but benefits may take a while to observe in many downstream reservoirs 48 Many reservoirs have a high density of mine sites over much of their watersheds, some with watershed sizes bigger than many countries… Need to consider mine waste already in creek and river channels Need to consider potential for widespread elevated soil THg from past mining activities’ air emissions Profile of Hg concentration in soil impacted by release of particulate Hg and vapor from Hg mines in the New Idria Mercury District, California [Source: Rytuba 2002, Figure 2]