1. WAN Networking Protocols 1 WAN Connection Types Share bandwidth Frame Relay and X.25 56Kbps to 2.048Mps Point-to-Point connection No setup before transmission Up to 45Mbs Setup before transmission Dial-up modems or ISDN Low bandwidth

2. WAN Networking Protocols 2 High-Level Data-Link Control Protocol HDLC specifies an encapsulation method for data on synchronous serial data links using frame characters and checksums. Default encapsulation used by CISCO. Everyone has its own proprietary HDLC. If your are connecting a CISCO router with another type router, you must specify an encapsulation type (protocol).

3. WAN Networking Protocols 3 PPP PPP is an Internet standard protocol to provide point-to-point, router-to-router, and host-to- host connections. It supports network layer protocols –IP –Novell IPX –Apple Talk It can be used over several different physical interfaces –Asynchronous serial –ISDN synchronous serial –High-speed Serial Interface

4. WAN Networking Protocols 4 Establishing PPP Communication Communication process is established in three steps: –Link Establishment –Authentication Password Authentication (PAP) Challenge Authentication Protocol (CHAP) –Network Layer Protocol negotiation

5. WAN Networking Protocols 5 Link Establishment and LCP Link Control Protocol (LCP) is responsible to configure and test the link. LCP packets can contain many different pieces of information such as: –Authentication –Link Quality Monitoring and Magic Number –Compression

6. WAN Networking Protocols 6 Configuring PPP on Cisco Routers

7. WAN Networking Protocols 7 Frame Relay Frame Relay provides connection-oriented, Data Link layer communication via virtual circuits. ANSI defines Frame Relay as a connection between the data terminal equipment (DTE) and the data communication equipment (DCE) over high speed digital medium. CSU/DSU is located at customer location and used for encoding, filtering, and translating communication to and from the digital line. CSU/DSU (channel service unit/ digital service unit)

8. WAN Networking Protocols 8 Frame Relay Supports many protocols, IP, Novell IPX, Decnet, AppleTalk,.... Efficient and fast (56Kps to 44.736Mbps) since it does not perform error checking. Uses both permanent virtual circuits (PVC) and switched virtual circuits (SPC). Virtual circuits are maintained by a software and multiplexed on onto physical channels.

9. WAN Networking Protocols 9 Data Link Connection Identifiers (DLCI) Frame Relay virtual circuits are identified by DLCIs. IP address need to be mapped DLCI

10. WAN Networking Protocols 10 How Frame Relay works

11. WAN Networking Protocols 11 Subinterfaces You can have multiple virtual circuits on a single interface and treat each one as a separate interface. R(config)>interface s0 R(config-if)>encapsulation frame-relay [ietf] R(config-if)>int s0.16 point-to-point (or multipoint)

12. WAN Networking Protocols 12 Mapping Frame Relay Manual Mapping R(config)>interface s0 R(config-if)>encapsulation frame-relay R(config-if)>int s0.16 multipoint R(config-subif)>no inverse-arp R(config-subif)>ip address 172.16.30.1 255.255.255.0 R(config-subif)>frame-relay map 172.16.30.17 16 ietf broadcast R(config-subif)>frame-relay map 172.16.30.18 17 broadcast R(config-subif)>frame-relay map 172.16.30.19 18 Using Reverse-ARP R(config)>interface s0.16 R(config-subif)>encapsulation frame-relay ietf R(config-subif)>ip address 172.16.30.1 255.255.255.0

13. WAN Networking Protocols 13 Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) ISDN is a digital service designed to run over existing telephone networks. ISDN supports both voice, video, and data Call setup is faster than with a modem. Data rates are faster than one modem connection.

14. WAN Networking Protocols 14 ISDN Components

15. WAN Networking Protocols 15 ISND Terminals Terminal adapter: A converter device that allows non-ISDN devices to operate on an ISDN network. Terminal Equipment 1 (TE1): A device that supports ISDN standards. Terminal Equipment 2 (TE2): A non-ISDN device. Network Termination 1 (NT1): A device that is attached to ISND BRI lines to provide power. It also terminates the 2-wire connection from CO and connects to the 4-wire customer network. Network Termination 2 (NT2): A provider equipment.

16. WAN Networking Protocols 16 Reference Points U –The U-interface is the actual two-wire cable which connects the customer’s equipment to the telecommunications provider R –The R-interface is the wire or circuit that connects TE2 to the TA S –The S-interface is a four-wire cable from TE1 or TA to the NT1 or NT2 T –The point between NT1 and NT2, which is also called the T- interface S/T

17. WAN Networking Protocols 17 Connecting to the Provider

18. WAN Networking Protocols 18 ISDN Switch Types Interfaces –Basic Rate Interface (BRI) –Primary Rate (Interface) Potential Switch Types To Be Obtained from ISDN Providers –basic-5ess, basic-dms100, basic-ni,.... Service Profile Identifiers (SPIDs) –Reference number assigned to ISDN channels Functions like a phone number –Frequently referred to as ISDN phone numbers –Most modern ISDN systems now have a feature called AutoSPID

19. WAN Networking Protocols 19 ISDN with CISCO Router