1. Strengthening the air quality management community in Asia www.cleanairnet.org/caiasia Vehicle Inspection & Maintenance in Asia Sustainable Urban Mobility in Asia A CAI-Asia Program 15 September 2006 Islamabad, Pakistan Cornie Huizenga Clean Air Initiative for Asian Cities

2. Strengthening the air quality management community in Asia www.cleanairnet.org/caiasia Vehicle Growth in Asian Countries (in Millions of Vehicles) Note: Vehicle Population Projection from Segment Y Ltd China, P.R. India Thailand Indonesia

3. Strengthening the air quality management community in Asia www.cleanairnet.org/caiasia 2- and 3-wheelers in Asia Note: The forecasts used were developed by Segment Y Ltd Increasing use of motorcycles – India, China and Thailand: –2005: 100 million –2008: 140 million – 2015: 250 million When will the tipping point be reached after which more people switch to cars: China 2025? Motorcycles now breaking into new markets e.g. Philippines 2-3 wheelers play an important role in transit in Asia, e.g. –Tricycles in Philippines –Rickshaws in South Asia –Tuk-tuk in Thailand

4. Strengthening the air quality management community in Asia www.cleanairnet.org/caiasia Comprehensive Approach to Reducing Vehicle Emissions Air Pollution Vehicle Emission Standards Fuel Specifications Inspection& Maintenance Transport Planning & Management

5. Strengthening the air quality management community in Asia www.cleanairnet.org/caiasia Emission Standards (1) Tightening of emission standards for new vehicles is the best way to reduce mobile source pollution I&M programs need to be linked to in-use emission standards: these in-use standards need to be linked to the type approval standards for new vehicles Most Asian countries follow ECE (Euro) standards, but adopting them at different speeds Little regional discussion on harmonization of standards New cars sold in Asia today are potentially cleaner than standards require in many Asian countries but poor fuel quality makes it difficult to realize reductions in emissions

6. Strengthening the air quality management community in Asia www.cleanairnet.org/caiasia Emission Standards (2) Motorcycle standards are very important, and in several countries Asia is ahead of Europe and USA No proper link between in-use and new vehicle emission standards -Difficulties with second hand imports In-use standards will become increasingly differentiated If in-use standards are too strict emerging I&M systems will face problems

7. Strengthening the air quality management community in Asia www.cleanairnet.org/caiasia Institutionalizing Vehicle Emissions Standards (new light duty vehicles) Source: CAI-Asia, 2006

8. Strengthening the air quality management community in Asia www.cleanairnet.org/caiasia Hong Kong – centralized system works Singapore – centralized system works Bangkok, Thailand – centralized I&M facility is underutilized, laboratory under lock and key PRC – centralized system in key cities India – centralized facility in Delhi not used?, PUC certificate system did not work for a long time, improved system Philippines – centralized system, emissions testing only Dhaka, Bangladesh – centralized I&M facilities is remaining idle for several years now Sri Lanka – government about to sign deal with ESP Status of a few I&M Facilities in Asia

9. Strengthening the air quality management community in Asia www.cleanairnet.org/caiasia Components of a Successful I&M Program Good Quality I&M Centralized Testing Appropriate Test Procedures Public Awareness Strong Enforcement Government Oversight and Auditing Inspector Training Appropriate Standards and Norms Privatized with appropriate test fees

10. Strengthening the air quality management community in Asia www.cleanairnet.org/caiasia Institutional Arrangements Centralized system whereby inspection is separate from maintenance operates best -yet several Asian countries ignore these lessons of experience and go for decentralized or hybrid systems Private sector is best qualified to implement I&M systems regulated by government Success of I&M in Asia will depend on support of senior decision makers and institutional capacity to manage and regulate the system I&M works best if linked to the annual registration of vehicles Mixed responsibilities for I&M often results in problems between departments of environment, transport and police

11. Strengthening the air quality management community in Asia www.cleanairnet.org/caiasia Contracting Issues Quality: engage reputable companies Single vs. multiple contractors Minimum contract length (+7 to 10 yrs) Setting and adjusting prices Promoting competition at re-bid - Ownership of land, facilities and software Risk management -Revenue adjustment provisions

12. Strengthening the air quality management community in Asia www.cleanairnet.org/caiasia Government Coordination and Management “Vertical” coordination (national, state, local) “Horizontal” coordination (environment, transport or police agency) Key Issue: integration with road worthiness inspections

13. Strengthening the air quality management community in Asia www.cleanairnet.org/caiasia Technical Issues Fleet characterization Test procedures Emission standards Frequency of inspection Trend towards “loaded test” to measure compliance with tighter standards -this will require major overhaul of many existing I&M stations Technical quality of I&M systems run by government is often weak

14. Strengthening the air quality management community in Asia www.cleanairnet.org/caiasia Quality Assurance and Audit To control corruption, a well established QA and audit mechanism is essential Computerized systems are essential Governments often lack the capacity to regulate and to carry out QA efficiently QA and audit is best undertaken by independent groups Often there are no effective procedures against corrupt inspectors

15. Strengthening the air quality management community in Asia www.cleanairnet.org/caiasia Enforcement and Compliance Promotion Link to periodic vehicle registration -Need to enforce vehicle registration requirement Linkage to insurance coverage Need for complementary public awareness campaigns Differing views on roadside inspections

16. Strengthening the air quality management community in Asia www.cleanairnet.org/caiasia Managing Resources Financial resources: setting fees and recovering costs Management and technical resources: ensuring adequate capacity Political resources: ensuring popular support

17. Strengthening the air quality management community in Asia www.cleanairnet.org/caiasia Setting Fees and Recovering Costs Fees should be set to recover all costs -to include costs of govt oversight and quality assurance If necessary fees could be augmented by earmarking charges on fuels or vehicles Essential that concession period be of sufficient length to recover costs at lowest possible charges

18. Strengthening the air quality management community in Asia www.cleanairnet.org/caiasia Public Participation Public perception on effectiveness and transparency of I&M will determine the willingness to cooperate in the I&M system Few countries in Asia have effective, sustained awareness raising campaigns focusing on I&M Performance standards are required for I&M stations that guarantee fast and reliable tests Transparency is important: produce an annual report, make it available to the public

19. Strengthening the air quality management community in Asia www.cleanairnet.org/caiasia The Importance of “M” in I&M It is the “M” that actually reduces pollution not the “I”, yet in most Asian countries few efforts are made to improve the quality of maintenance “M” industry needs to be an active partner in discussions on emission standards Referee stations are required to offer a second opinion to vehicle owners

20. Strengthening the air quality management community in Asia www.cleanairnet.org/caiasia Roadside Testing Roadside testing can complement I&M but not replace it Roadside testing is needed to keep the public focused on the issue of vehicle pollution Roadside testing should focus on gross polluting vehicles Roadside testing is difficult to oversee and more open to corruption

21. Strengthening the air quality management community in Asia www.cleanairnet.org/caiasia Cost Effectiveness and Impact More stringent emission standards are more effective in the long term, I&M can have a short term impact Although I&M is increasingly used as an instrument to reduce pollution, no efforts are made to quantify the environmental impact Little is known about actual cost- effectiveness of I&M systems in Asia