2. TOPIC 9 –HISTORY OF FOREST MANAGEMENT

3.  19 th CENTURY TO PRESENT  PARADIGM SHIFTS  SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT  CANADIAN MODEL FOREST NETWORK

4.  Forest was used by early Europeans as a means to support the FISHERY.  Wood was also used to construct boats, barrels, stages, flakes, docks. buildings.

5.  Land given to NL RAILWAY, who opened up the INTERIOR of NL.  Granting of forest leases began (still in existence today).  Sawmilling of white pine was common.  No management of forest resources.

6.  Pulp and paper industry grew  1909 – opening of mill in GRAND FALLS (closed 2008)  1923 – opening of mill in CORNER BROOK  The only forest management was protection from FIRE AND INSECTS.  Companies were given LAND LEASES and self- managed their land.

7. Queen Elizabeth at the Grand Opening of CBPPL

8.  1974 – TIMBER MANAGEMENT  Taken over by PROVINCIAL DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY  Pulp and paper companies submit management plans  1980s - SILVICULTURE  DEFINITION: The science and practice of growing trees Silviculture is an important tool in forest management and includes activities such s: Pre-commercial thinning Site Preparation (ex: spraying, burning, tilling) Replanting  2008  27 trees planted per person in NL

9.  1990 – FORESTRY ACT  Requires management for timber and other forest related issues, such as : ENVIRONMENT SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT HUNTING RECREATION

10. EXPLOITATION  This was the 1800s forestry approach, to “log and move on”  People aimed for maximum profit with no concern for the future of the forest.  Some parts of the world still practice this.  Ex: Slash and burn agriculture

11. UTILITARIAN  This was the 1930s forestry approach, to manage forests such that the resource would not “run out”  In other words, sites were reforested for future logging, but there was still little concern for the integrity of the environment.

12. ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT  This is the present day forestry approach, to manage forests for many uses, including:  Industry, employment, recreation, heritage, solitude, etc.  In other words, the forest is managed as a whole ecosystem.

13. 3 MAIN ELEMENTS  1.SUPPORT OF FOREST FOR MULTIPLE USE  2.PROTECTION AND MANAGEMENT of FOREST ECOSYSTEM.  3.CONTINUOUS SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT.

15.  TWENTY YEAR PLANS  CREATED BY NL FOREST SERVICE.  Describes goals for next 20 years such as AAC (ANNUAL ALLOWABLE CUT).  Updated every 5 years.  FIVE YEAR OPERATING PLANS  One of the 26 management districts in the province plan for activities such as: Domestic cutting, building roads/bridges, water supplies, silviculture, timber supply, protection

16.  Created in 1992  Canada has 11 model forests that take care of the scientific portion of sustainable forest management.  www.modelforest.net/cmfn/en /forests/ www.modelforest.net/cmfn/en /forests/

17. TOPIC 10 – HARVESTING TECHNOLOGIES

18.  Clearcutting  Selection cutting  Old Harvesting Technology  New Harvesting Technology

19.  Definition:  Harvesting all the trees in a cutting block  100 % of trees in NL harvested are clear-cut  90 % of harvesting operations in Canada use clear-cutting  Best method for trees that are short-lived, have lots of seed, grow best in full sunlight, and form even stands naturally.

20.  POSTIVES:  Economical  Mimics natural disturbances (ex: fire, insects)  Fewer roads  Less blowdowns  New habitat

22.  NEGATIVES:  Soil erosion  Water siltation  Decreased water quality  Small tree wastage  Unsightly  Loss of habitat

23.  DEFINITION:  Cutting of trees individually or in small groups such that up to 30 % of forest is harvested  Recommended for areas that are environmentally sensitive, such as old growth forests, young stands, or uneven aged stands.

24.  POSITIVES:  Maximizes growth of remaining trees  Maintains original forest habitat  Looks nicer  NEGATIVES  Not as cost effective  Need more roads, more workers

25.  Axes and Cross-cut Saws  Horse-Sleigh  Water Transportation  Chainsaws  Feller-Bunchers  Skidders

30.  Logging machine that cuts trees in a place with a tree-grabbing function and a cross-cut saw  LINKLINK

31.  Heavy vehicle with large tires that pulls logs with a cable system from a cutting site to a landing

32.  Soft footprint technology  GPS  Remote sensing  GIS  Training simulators  Environmental friendly alternate fluids

33.  Any technology that reduces the impact with the forest floor  Some have flotation tires, anti-slip systems, walking movement  LINK LINK

34.  A network of 24 satellites used to locate precise coordinates on the Earth’s surface.  Helps navigate and survey forest lands.

35.  Any information gathering that does not require contact.  Can use aircraft, satellites, space station, etc.

36.  A system that can capture, analyze, and manage data which is referenced to Earth’s positions.  Maps can be layered.