1. What do we NOT know about Indo-Pacific Fishes? Rainer Froese IfM-GEOMAR rfroese@ifm-geomar.de

2. Content Beyond your favourite species Knowledge Gaps in the Indo-Pacific Some Approaches What - If

3. Beyond Your Favourite Species Work locally, think globally: –Firmly established in taxonomy –Increasingly accepted in fisheries –Starting in ecosystem modelling –Long way to go in biology and ecology

4. Growth of Fishes (K over Linf) All fishes (6695, yellow), Labridae (67, red), data from FishBase

5. Mortality of Fishes (M over K) All species (495, yellow), Serranidae (19, green), Plectropomus leopardus (black), data from FishBase

6. Maturity in Fishes (Lm over Linf) All species (717, yellow), Serranidae (4, red), data from FishBase

7. Relative Brain Size All species (3072, yellow), Serranidae (94, red), data from FishBase

8. Relative Gill Area All species (274, yellow), Elasmobranchii (9, red), data from FishBase

9. Beyond Your Favourite Species Working locally, thinking globally: –Accepted in taxonomy –Increasingly accepted in fisheries –Starting in ecosystem modelling –Long way to go in biology and ecology Precondition: –Data sharing

10. Species in a Classification In the Indo-Pacific we find: About 12,500 species of marine fishes (79%) 397 ‘marine’ Families (98%) 50 ‘marine’ Orders (100%) 6 Classes (100%)

11. Comparing Species Richness OceanSpecies Percent Arctic Ocean 130 0.6 Antarctic 366 1.6 Atlantic Ocean 4,89421.8 Mediterranean Sea 607 2.7 Indian Ocean 5,96626.6 Pacific Ocean10,46346.7 Number of species records by ocean, with 22,426 records for 15,865 species. Introduced species and questionable occurrences were excluded.

12. Species by Class Indian OceanMyxini 3 Cephalaspidomorphi 2 Holocephali 12 Elasmobranchii 356 Sarcopterygii 1 Actinopterygii5,592 Pacific OceanMyxini 45 Cephalaspidomorphi 6 Holocephali 22 Elasmobranchii 551 Sarcopterygii 1 Actinopterygii9,838

13. Human Uses 2,400 (19%) for human consumption 1,100 (8.8%) commercial aquarium fish 645 (5.2%) sport fish 184 (1.5%) in IUCN Red List (2000) Total: Over 3,000 (24%) species affected

14. Data needed for Management ParameterSpeciesFamilies Growth 923 (0.7%) 209 (51%) Maturity 916 (0.7%) 199 (49%) Diet1,056 (0.8%) 206 (50%)

15. Problem! Over 24% of Indo-Pacific Fishes used or affected by humans Data needed for management is available for less than 1% of the species and only half of the Families

16. Approach 0 Make ‘hidden’ data publicly available Send copies to FishBase –Articles, reports, theses, spreadsheets in most languages will be accepted, archived, shown and properly cited Use ‘Missing data’ links >> >>>> Click ‘Comments & Corrections’ button >>>>

17. Approach I Focus research on species used or affected by humans This is what happens already But very slowly (30 years to cover less than 1% of the species)

18. Approach II Use available information on congeners or other Family members for first best guess with margin of error

19. Example: Modelling Trophic Levels Trophic level of 97 species of Genus Epinephelus plotted over body length. Open circles are 60 observed values, black dots are 37 estimated values. The dotted lines indicate the classification into trophic groups, from herbivores below trophic level 2.2 to top predators above 4.2.

20. Example: Modelling Growth Von Bertalanffy growth parameter K plotted over maximum length for Family Serranidae. Open circles are available data; small black dots are values derived from the mean slope and Ø' for this Family.

21. Approach II Use available information on congeners or other Family members for first best guess with margin of error Focus research on Families for which no data are available at all

22. Approach III Combine Approaches 0-II Expose hidden data and focus new research on Families without data and which are affected by humans Preliminary list >>

23. FamilyFoodGrowthMaturity Achiridae No Maturity Acropomatidae No Maturity Anomalopidae No GrowthNo Maturity Antennariidae No GrowthNo Maturity Apistidae No FoodNo GrowthNo Maturity Aploactinidae No FoodNo GrowthNo Maturity Aulopidae No GrowthNo Maturity Aulostomidae No GrowthNo Maturity Banjosidae No GrowthNo Maturity Bathymasteridae No GrowthNo Maturity Bovichtidae No GrowthNo Maturity Brachaeluridae No GrowthNo Maturity Brachionichthyidae No GrowthNo Maturity Bregmacerotidae No Growth Missing Data I

24. FamilyFoodGrowthMaturity Caesionidae No Maturity Callanthiidae No GrowthNo Maturity Caproidae No GrowthNo Maturity Caracanthidae No GrowthNo Maturity Centriscidae No Maturity Chaenopsidae No Growth Chiasmodontidae No Maturity Chirocentridae No Maturity Chironemidae No FoodNo GrowthNo Maturity Chlamydoselachidae No GrowthNo Maturity Chlorophthalmidae No Growth Cirrhitidae No GrowthNo Maturity Citharidae No Maturity Clinidae No GrowthNo Maturity Missing Data II

25. FamilyFoodGrowthMaturity Congiopodidae No GrowthNo Maturity Cyttidae No GrowthNo Maturity Dactylopteridae No GrowthNo Maturity Dactyloscopidae Dalatiidae No Growth Dinopercidae No FoodNo GrowthNo Maturity Diodontidae No Growth Drepaneidae No Maturity Echeneidae No GrowthNo Maturity Echinorhinidae No Growth Eleginopidae No FoodNo GrowthNo Maturity Enoplosidae No GrowthNo Maturity Epigonidae No Maturity Fistulariidae No GrowthNo Maturity Missing Data III

26. FamilyFoodGrowthMaturity Geotriidae No GrowthNo Maturity Gonorynchidae No FoodNo GrowthNo Maturity Gymnuridae No Growth Hemigaleidae No Growth Hemiscylliidae No Growth Hemitripteridae No GrowthNo Maturity Heterodontidae No Growth Hoplichthyidae No FoodNo GrowthNo Maturity Hypoptychidae No FoodNo Maturity Labrisomidae No GrowthNo Maturity Lampridae No GrowthNo Maturity Luvaridae No GrowthNo Maturity Megachasmidae No Growth Melamphaidae No Growth Missing Data IV

27. FamilyFoodGrowthMaturity Microdesmidae No GrowthNo Maturity Molidae No Maturity Monodactylidae No Growth Muraenesocidae No Growth Muraenolepididae No Growth Narcinidae No Growth Nematistiidae No GrowthNo Maturity Ophichthidae No Maturity Opistognathidae No GrowthNo Maturity Oplegnathidae No GrowthNo Maturity Orectolobidae No Growth Ostraciidae No Growth Parabembridae No FoodNo GrowthNo Maturity Parazenidae No GrowthNo Maturity Missing Data V

28. FamilyFoodGrowthMaturity Pegasidae No GrowthNo Maturity Pempheridae No Maturity Pentacerotidae No GrowthNo Maturity Peristediidae No GrowthNo Maturity Pholidichthyidae No FoodNo GrowthNo Maturity Plecoglossidae No Growth Plesiopidae No Maturity Polymixiidae No Maturity Priacanthidae No Maturity Pristiophoridae No Growth Pseudocarchariidae No GrowthNo Maturity Pseudochromidae No Growth Psychrolutidae No Maturity Regalecidae No GrowthNo Maturity Missing Data VI

29. FamilyFoodGrowthMaturity Samaridae No GrowthNo Maturity Setarchidae No GrowthNo Maturity Stegostomatidae No Growth Symphysanodontidae No GrowthNo Maturity Synanceiidae No Growth Triacanthidae No Maturity Trichodontidae No Growth Trichonotidae No GrowthNo Maturity Zanclidae No GrowthNo Maturity Missing Data VII

30. What Else if We Had Data? Some examples…

31. Testing Evolutionary Theories Theory Type ofSizeProductivityTrophic Environment diversity r-K variablesmall high - stablelarge low - Successionless maturesmall high low maturelarge low high Temperaturehigh temp.small high - low temp.large low - Herbivoryhigh temp. - - more herb. low temp. - - fewer herb.

32. Selection in World Oceans If polar oceans are more variable, less mature, and colder then: r-K: small size, high productivity Succession: small size, high productivity, low trophic diversity Temperature: large size, low productivity Herbivory: fewer herbivores

33. Size Distribution

34. Comparison of Productivity of Species (r max ) Oceanr max Arctic0.18 Antarctic0.18 Atlantic0.21 Mediterranean0.23 Indian Ocean0.23 Pacific0.21 Overall mean r max was 0.21, 95% CL 0.18 – 0.23.

35. Trophic Diversity OceansTrophic levelsSpecies H' J' Arctic Ocean16 1303.460.86 Antarctic18 3663.250.78 Atlantic Ocean29 4,8934.090.84 Mediterranean Sea26 6074.100.87 Indian Ocean29 5,9644.100.84 Pacific Ocean3110,4584.010.81 Analysis of food web complexity: H’ is trophic diversity and J’ is evenness of the Shannon-Wiener diversity index applied to trophic levels.

36. Trophic Level

37. Life-History Strategies of Fishes Life-history strategies of species defined as combination of: Size (small, medium, large, very large) Productivity (very low, low, medium, high) Trophic level (Herbivore, Omnivore, Low- level predator, Mid-level predator, Top predator)

38. Life-History Strategies of Fishes Of 80 possible strategies only 49 are used Most fish are medium-sized low-level predators with medium to high productivity High correlation between species numbers and strategies

39. Strategies vs Species

40. Orders vs Species in Fish

41. Orders vs Species in 4 Kingdoms

43. Thank You