1. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2000 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 1 Systems Analysis and Design Alan Dennis and Barbara Haley Wixom John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Slides by Fred Niederman

2. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2000 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 2 Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted in Section 117 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the express written permission of the copyright owner is unlawful. Request for further information should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. The purchaser may make back-up copies for his/her own use only and not for redistribution or resale. The Publisher assumes no responsibility for errors, omissions, or damages, caused by the use of these programs or from the use of the information contained herein.

3. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2000 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 3 Systems Analysis Chapter 4

4. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2000 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 4 Key Definitions The As-Is system is the current system and may or may not be computerized The To-Be system is the new system that is based on updated requirements

5. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2000 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 5 Key Ideas The goal of the analysis phase is to truly understand the requirements of the new system and develop a system that addresses them -- or decide a new system isn’t needed. The line between systems analysis and systems design is very blurry.

6. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2000 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 6 THE ANALYSIS PROCESS

7. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2000 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 7 Combines business and information technology Balance expertise of users and analysts Analysis Across Areas

8. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2000 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 8 The SDLC Process

9. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2000 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 9 Three Steps of the Analysis Phase Understanding the “As-Is” system Identifying improvement opportunities Developing the “To-Be” system concept

10. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2000 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 10 Three Fundamental Analysis Strategies Business process automation (BPA) Business Process Improvement (BPI) Business Process Reengineering (BPR)

11. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2000 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 11 BUSINESS PROCESS AUTOMATION

12. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2000 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 12 Proposal Outline Table of contents Executive summary System request Work plan Analysis strategy Recommended system Feasibility analysis Process model Data Model Appendices

13. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2000 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 13 Business Process Automation Goal: Efficiency for users

14. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2000 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 14 Identifying Improvements in As-Is Systems Problem Analysis Asking users to identify problems Rarely finds significant monetary benefits Root Cause Analysis Prioritizing problems Tracing symptoms to their causes

15. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2000 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 15 Root Cause Analysis Symptoms ROOT CAUSES Symptoms Identify symptoms Trace each back to its causes

16. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2000 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 16 Root Cause Analysis Example

17. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2000 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 17 BUSINESS PROCESS IMPROVEMENT

18. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2000 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 18 Business Process Improvement Introducing evolutionary changes

19. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2000 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 19 Duration Analysis Calculate time needed for each process step Calculate time needed for overall process Compare the two Develop process integration or parallelization

20. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2000 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 20 Activity-Based Costing Calculate cost of each process step Consider both direct and indirect costs Identify most costly steps and focus improvement efforts on them

21. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2000 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 21 Benchmarking Studying how other organizations perform the same business process Informal benchmarking Check with customers Formal benchmarking Establish formal relationship with other organization

22. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2000 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 22 BUSINESS PROCESS REENGINEERING

23. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2000 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 23 Business Process Reengineering Radical redesign of business processes

24. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2000 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 24 Outcome Analysis Consider desirable outcomes from customers’ perspective Consider what the organization could enable the customer to do

25. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2000 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 25 Breaking Assumptions Identify fundamental business rules Systematically break each rule Identify effects on the business if rule is broken

26. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2000 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 26 Technology Analysis Analysts list important and interesting technologies Managers list important and interesting technologies The group identifies how each might be applied to the business

27. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2000 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 27 Activity Elimination Identify what would happen if each organizational activity were eliminated Use “force-fit” to test all possibilities

28. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2000 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 28 Proxy Benchmarking List similar industries Look for techniques from other industries that could be applied by the organization

29. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2000 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 29 Process Simplification Eliminate complexity from routine transactions Concentrate separate processes on exception handling

30. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2000 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 30 Avoiding Classic Analysis Mistakes Reducing analysis time Requirement gold-plating User over-specification of features Developer gold-plating Too many “cool” features Lack of user involvement

31. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2000 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 31 Your Turn How do you know whether to use business process automation, business process improvement, or business process reengineering? Provide two examples.

32. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2000 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 32 DEVELOPING AN ANALYSIS PLAN

33. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2000 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 33 Developing an Analysis Strategy Potential business value Project cost Breadth of analysis Risk

34. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2000 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 34 Characteristics of Analysis Strategies BusinessBusinessBusiness ProcessProcessProcess AutomationImprovementReeingineering Potential BusinessLow-ModerateModerateHigh Value Project CostLowLow-ModerateHigh Breadth of AnalysisNarrowNarrow-ModerateVery Broad RiskLow-ModerateLow-ModerateVery High

35. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2000 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Understanding the as-is system Review documentation Informal benchmarking Identifying improvements Problem analysis Technology analysis Outcome analysis Developing a to-be system concept Develop process model Develop data model

36. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2000 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 36 Summary The analysis process aims to create value for the organization Three main analysis strategies are BPA, BPI, and BPR These strategies vary in potential business value, but also in potential cost and risk