1. Irfan Ahmed Operations Department
TURBINES
Irfan Ahmed
Operations Department

2. INTRODUCTION What is a turbine???
A turbine is a rotary engine that extracts energy from a fluid flow and converts it into useful work.

3. TURBINE GENERAL TYPES STEAM TURBINE GAS TURBINE WIND TURBINE
WATER TURBINE

4. TURBINE OBJECTIVE
Turbines are called as “Work Horse” of any process plant.
These are major prime movers for;
Compressors.
Pumps.
Blowers.
generators

5. CLASSIFICATION OF TURBINES
IMPULSE TURBINE
REACTION TURBINE
CONDENSING TURBINE
BACK PRESSURE TURBINE

6. BASIC PARTS OF TURBINE TURBINE CASING. ROTOR SHAFT & TURBINE WHEEL
NOZZLES
ROTARY / STATIONERY BLADES
LABYRINTH PACKING / DIAPHRAMS.
PACKING BOXES
BEARINGS

7. TURBINE AUXILIARIES LUBE OIL SYSTEM BARRING OR TURNING GEARS
TRIP THROTTLE OR MAIN STOP VALVE
OVER SPEED TRIP DEVICE
GLAND SEAL SYSTEM
LUBE OIL PURIFIER

8. TURBINE AUXILIARIES GOVERNORS GOVERNORS & CONTROL SYSTEM
Direct acting fly ball governor
Hydraulic governor
Oil relay governor
GOVERNORS & CONTROL SYSTEM
Sensing element
Transmitting element
Correcting element

9. TURBINE AUXILIARIES TURBINE GOVERNING SINGLE VALVE & MULTI VALVE
Throttle governing
Nozzle governing
Bypass governing
SINGLE VALVE & MULTI VALVE

10. IMPULSE TURBINE
A turbine that is driven by jets direct against the blades
An impulse turbine has fixed nozzles that converts the pressurized fluid flow into high speed jets. These jets contain significant kinetic energy, which hit the rotor blades and convert it into shaft rotation as the steam jet changes direction.
As the steam flows through the nozzle its pressure falls from inlet pressure to the exit pressure (atmospheric pressure, or more usually, the condenser vacuum). Due to this higher ratio of expansion of steam in the nozzle the steam leaves the nozzle with a very high velocity.

11. IMPULSE TURBINE

12. IMPULSE TURBINE

13. REACTION TURBINE
A turbine with blades arranged to develop torque from gradual decrease of steam pressure from inlet to exhaust

14. REACTION TURBINE
In the reaction turbine, kinetic gas energy is converted to shaft power by decreasing the velocity of the gas and lowering gas pressure
As gas enters from the left of the blade section and travels across the blade surface, there is a decrease in pressure on the upper surface, and an increase in pressure on the lower surface. As the gas leaves the trailing edge there is a decrease in gas velocity, pressure, and a downward angle resulting in a lifting or reaction force.

15. REACTION TURBINE
The steam is directed to flow along the blades, thus causing the blades to rotate because of the reaction force more than the impulse force.
The reaction turbine has a nozzle design that is incorporated on its blades itself, thus reducing space and making it more compact, as no fixed nozzles were required.
The only constraint here was that the design of the nozzles on the blades was a bit complicated.

16. REACTION TURBINE

17. REACTION TURBINE

18. IMPULSE VS REACTION

19. CONDENSING TURBINE
Inside a condensing turbine - the steam expands below the atmospheric pressure and then "condenses" while heating the cooling water in a condenser. 
After the steam exits the outlet of the condensing turbine, the steam's pressure is so low, it is no longer available for providing power for industrial applications. 

20. BACK-PRESSURE TURBINE
Back pressure steam turbines are a type of steam turbine that is used in connection with industrial processes where there is a need for low or medium pressure steam.
The high pressure steam enters the back-pressure steam turbine and while the steam expands - part of its thermal energy is converted into mechanical energy. The mechanical energy is used to run an electric generator or mechanical equipment, such as pumps, fans, compressors etc.
The outlet steam leaves the back-pressure steam turbine at "overpressure" and then the steam returns to the plant for process steam application such as heating or drying purposes.

21. STEAM TURBINE
A steam turbine is a mechanical device that extracts thermal energy from pressurized steam, and converts it into rotary motion