1. 1 16-Aug-15 S Ward Abingdon and Witney College Routing CCNA Exploration Semester 2 Chapter 1

2. 2 16-Aug-15 S Ward Abingdon and Witney College Topics Identify a router as a computer with specialised hardware and operating system designed for routing Give a router a basic configuration including IP addresses Routing tables Router activities – finding the best paths and switching packets

3. 3 16-Aug-15 S Ward Abingdon and Witney College Router functions Connect networks together Find best routes Switch packets from one network to another Do this efficiently 24/7 Provide security by permitting or denying specified types of packet Provide quality of service by prioritising packets

4. 4 16-Aug-15 S Ward Abingdon and Witney College Router as a computer CPU: control unit handles instructions, ALU for calculations RAM: volatile working storage ROM: permanent storage for POST and start-up instructions Operating System: software that runs the computer System bus, Power supply

5. 5 16-Aug-15 S Ward Abingdon and Witney College Router differences Long term storage is Flash and NVRAM, not hard disk Range of different interfaces all on different networks No input/output peripherals. Connect via a console PC and use PC’s keyboard and screen

6. 6 16-Aug-15 S Ward Abingdon and Witney College RAM Dynamic random access memory: as in a PC Temporary memory while the router is on Loses content when the router loses power or is restarted Holds running configuration Holds routing tables Holds ARP cache Holds fast-switching cache etc.

7. 7 16-Aug-15 S Ward Abingdon and Witney College NVRAM Non-volatile RAM: keeps its contents when the router is off Stores the startup configuration file When you have configured a router, you must save your configuration to NVRAM if you want to keep it

8. 8 16-Aug-15 S Ward Abingdon and Witney College Flash Electronically erasable, programmable ROM (EEPROM) Keeps its contents when the router is off Holds the operating system image (IOS) Allows the IOS to be updated Can store multiple versions of IOS software if it has enough capacity Can be upgraded by adding SIMMs

9. 9 16-Aug-15 S Ward Abingdon and Witney College ROM Permanent memory: cannot be upgraded without replacing the chip Holds power-on self test (POST) instructions Stores bootstrap program Stores ROM monitor software (for emergency download of IOS, for password recovery) May store basic IOS for emergency use (less common than it was)

10. 10 16-Aug-15 S Ward Abingdon and Witney College Router storage ROM Permanent Holds POST, boot instructions, basic IOS Flash Keeps contents Holds IOS image NVRAM Keeps contents Holds startup configuration file RAM Volatile Holds runnning config, tables, queues etc

11. 11 16-Aug-15 S Ward Abingdon and Witney College Interfaces Can be attached directly to the motherboard (like our Fast Ethernet interfaces) Can be on removable and interchangeable modules (like our serial interfaces) Modules for different serial connections

12. 12 16-Aug-15 S Ward Abingdon and Witney College Operating system As specialised computers, routers and switches need operating systems. Cisco devices use the Cisco Internetwork Operating System (IOS) There are versions for different models of router and switch, and different feature sets The IOS can be upgraded periodically

13. 13 16-Aug-15 S Ward Abingdon and Witney College Naming IOS image files Platform-features-format-version c2600-i-mz.122-8.T5 c2600 is the platform: Cisco 2600 series router i is a code for the set of features in this IOS, another is ipbase mz is a code to say that the IOS runs in RAM and the file is zip compressed 122-8.T5 is the upgrade version

14. 14 16-Aug-15 S Ward Abingdon and Witney College IOS storage The IOS is stored in the router’s flash memory, often in compressed form Most routers copy the IOS to RAM when they start up You need enough space in flash and in RAM if you upgrade the IOS Some of our routers have more features than others – it depends on the IOS.

15. 15 16-Aug-15 S Ward Abingdon and Witney College IOS modes ROM monitor: Used to recover from system failure or loss of password Needs direct access from console port Boot ROM (optional, may not have this): Used when upgrading IOS Cisco IOS Normal operation, stored in Flash, runs in RAM

16. 16 16-Aug-15 S Ward Abingdon and Witney College Router startup

17. 17 16-Aug-15 S Ward Abingdon and Witney College ‘Normal’ start up 1. Run POST and bootup instructions from ROM 2. Load IOS file from flash 3. Load configuration from NVRAM 4. Fully operational

18. 18 16-Aug-15 S Ward Abingdon and Witney College Configuration register Has 4 hex digits – that’s 16 binary digits Configuration register is saved in NVRAM show version to see its value Value of last hex digit tells how to load IOS Usual is 0x2102 (2 means load from flash) Third hex digit controls whether configuration file is loaded. (0 means load, 4 means do not)

19. 19 16-Aug-15 S Ward Abingdon and Witney College Loading IOS You see ############# as IOS loads from flash memory. If you see a prompt instead: rommon1> Then the IOS was not loaded and you are in ROM monitor mode. Try reload or boot If this fails, the IOS file is probably missing…

20. 20 16-Aug-15 S Ward Abingdon and Witney College Configuration If there is a startup configuration file in NVRAM then it will normally load into RAM as the running configuration. If not, the router may look for a configuration on a TFTP server. Wait until it gives up. It then prompts you to enter Setup mode: Would you like to enter the initial configuration dialog? [yes/no]: no (If it asks if you want to exit Autoinstall: yes)

21. 21 16-Aug-15 S Ward Abingdon and Witney College Show version IOS version Bootstrap version Router model and CPU Amount of RAM Number and type of interfaces Amount of NVRAM Amount of Flash Configuration register

22. 22 16-Aug-15 S Ward Abingdon and Witney College Basic Configuration (revision) Name Passwords Interfaces Routing Banner (Message of the day) Save configuration Check configuration

23. 23 16-Aug-15 S Ward Abingdon and Witney College Global configuration Router>enable Router#configure terminal (config t) Router(config)# Start in user exec mode Go to privileged exec mode (no configuration so no password) Go to global configuration mode

24. 24 16-Aug-15 S Ward Abingdon and Witney College Hostname Give the router a name to show at its prompt Do this in global configuration mode Router(config)# hostname Abingdon Abingdon(config)#

25. 25 16-Aug-15 S Ward Abingdon and Witney College Enable secret Protect privileged exec mode with an encrypted password. Abingdon(config)# enable secret class You could set an enable password but this is not encrypted There is no need to set both, but if you do then the enable secret will be used

26. 26 16-Aug-15 S Ward Abingdon and Witney College Passwords for login Set login password on console port for security Abingdon(config)# line con 0 Abingdon(config-line) password cisco Abingdon(config-line) login Abingdon(config-line) exit You can also put a password on the AUX port in a similar way

27. 27 16-Aug-15 S Ward Abingdon and Witney College Passwords for Telnet login Set login password on virtual lines to allow you to Telnet to the router Abingdon(config)# line vty 0 4 Abingdon(config-line) password cisco Abingdon(config-line) login Abingdon(config-line) exit

28. 28 16-Aug-15 S Ward Abingdon and Witney College Interface configuration Abingdon(config)# interface serial 0/0 Abingdon(config-if)# ip address 192.168.3.1 255.255.255.0 Abingdon(config-if)# no shutdown Abingdon(config-if)# exit This is for a DTE serial interface Ethernet interfaces are configured the same way

29. 29 16-Aug-15 S Ward Abingdon and Witney College Interface DCE configuration A DCE serial interface needs an extra line: Abingdon(config)# interface serial 0/0 Abingdon(config-if)# ip address 192.168.3.1 255.255.255.0 Abingdon(config-if)# clock rate 64000 Abingdon(config-if)# no shutdown Abingdon(config-if)# exit

30. 30 16-Aug-15 S Ward Abingdon and Witney College Interface description You can give an interface a description This does not affect the operation of the router but it is useful documentation Do it in interface configuration mode for the required interface Abingdon(config-if) description Serial line to Witney 01993 876543

31. 31 16-Aug-15 S Ward Abingdon and Witney College Message of the day You can configure a message to be shown before the user logs on Cisco recommend that you show a warning to unauthorised users (NOT “welcome”) Abingdon(config)# banner motd # authorised users only # # is a delimiter. Any character can be used.

32. 32 16-Aug-15 S Ward Abingdon and Witney College Routing The router knows its directly attached networks because you have put IP addresses on its interfaces It can put these networks in its routing table It needs to find routes to networks that are not directly attached You can give it static routes You can enable a routing protocol

33. 33 16-Aug-15 S Ward Abingdon and Witney College Routing protocol: RIP You choose the routing protocol Then you tell the router which directly attached networks it should advertise Abingdon(config) router rip Abingdon(config-router) network 192.168.1.0 Abingdon(config-router) network 192.168.3.0 Abingdon(config-router) exit

34. 34 16-Aug-15 S Ward Abingdon and Witney College Save configuration Your configuration is held in RAM as the running configuration If you want to keep this configuration then you must save it to NVRAM into the startup configuration file Abingdon# copy running-config startup- config

35. 35 16-Aug-15 S Ward Abingdon and Witney College Shortened commands The Cisco IOS accepts shortened forms of commands You need to type enough to distinguish the command from other commands copy run start can be used instead of copy running-config startup-config int s 0/0 can be used instead of interface serial 0/0

36. 36 16-Aug-15 S Ward Abingdon and Witney College Show commands Show running-config Show startup-config Show ip route Show ip interfaces Show ip interface brief

37. 37 16-Aug-15 S Ward Abingdon and Witney College OSI layers 1, 2 and 3 Receive signals from cable, convert to binary. Check layer 2 address, decapsulate Find destination network, check routing table for route, direct packet to correct outgoing interface Encapsulate with frame for next link Encode binary, place signals on cable

38. 38 16-Aug-15 S Ward Abingdon and Witney College What the router does 1 Ethernet frame received from PC1 through port Fa0/0 Destination MAC address is router’s address

39. 39 16-Aug-15 S Ward Abingdon and Witney College What the router does 2 Strip off frame header and trailer (decapsulate) Read destination IP address 192.168.4.9

40. 40 16-Aug-15 S Ward Abingdon and Witney College What the router does 3 Logical AND with IP address 192.168.4.9 and subnet mask 255.255.255.0 (/24) gives destination network address 192.168.4.0

41. 41 16-Aug-15 S Ward Abingdon and Witney College What the router does 4 Look in routing table for network address 192.168.4.0 Route found via 192.168.3.2 through S0/0

42. 42 16-Aug-15 S Ward Abingdon and Witney College What the router does 5 S0/0 connects to a WAN link using PPP Encapsulate packet in PPP frame Send frame out through S0/0

43. 43 16-Aug-15 S Ward Abingdon and Witney College No route found If the destination network is not in the routing table: Use a default route if one exists Otherwise drop the packet and send an ICMP destination unreachable message to the source host.

44. 44 16-Aug-15 S Ward Abingdon and Witney College Routing tables A router uses the routing table to select the best path to a network Directly connected networks are taken from the interface configuration Static routes can be added by administrator Routes can be learned dynamically from other routers by using a routing protocol

45. 45 16-Aug-15 S Ward Abingdon and Witney College Show ip route List of codes List of routes

46. 46 16-Aug-15 S Ward Abingdon and Witney College Routing table C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0 C 192.168.2.0/24 is directly connected, Serial0/0 S 192.168.3.0/24 [1/0] via 192.168.2.2 R 192.168.4.0/24 [120/1] via 192.168.2.2, 00:00:20, Serial0/0 Directly connected Network and mask Exit port

47. 47 16-Aug-15 S Ward Abingdon and Witney College Routing table C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0 C 192.168.2.0/24 is directly connected, Serial0/0 S 192.168.3.0/24 [1/0] via 192.168.2.2 R 192.168.4.0/24 [120/1] via 192.168.2.2, 00:00:20, Serial0/0 Static route Network and mask Administrative distance and metric Address of next hop router

48. 48 16-Aug-15 S Ward Abingdon and Witney College Routing table C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0 C 192.168.2.0/24 is directly connected, Serial0/0 S 192.168.3.0/24 [1/0] via 192.168.2.2 R 192.168.4.0/24 [120/1] via 192.168.2.2, 00:00:20, Serial0/0 Dynamic route, RIP Network and mask Administrative distance and metric Address of next hop router Time since last update Exit port

49. 49 16-Aug-15 S Ward Abingdon and Witney College Static routes Dynamic routes Entered by administrator Time consuming, different for each router Must be updated if routes change Little processing No bandwidth used Gives nothing away Learned from other routers Start the protocol then it runs by itself Automatically updates when routes change More processing Uses bandwidth Gives away information

50. 50 16-Aug-15 S Ward Abingdon and Witney College Routing protocols Interior, used within an organisation’s networks Exterior, used between different organisations’ networks BGP OSPF IS-IS Distance vectorLink state RIP (IGRP) EIGRP

51. 51 16-Aug-15 S Ward Abingdon and Witney College Routing Table Principles 1. Every router makes its decision alone, based on the information it has in its own routing table. 2. The fact that one router has certain information in its routing table does not mean that other routers have the same information. 3. Routing information about a path from one network to another does not provide routing information about the reverse, or return, path.

52. 52 16-Aug-15 S Ward Abingdon and Witney College Metrics A routing protocol may learn of several possible routes to a destination. It uses metrics to pick the best route. RIP uses hop count as its only metric. OSPF uses “cost” based on bandwidth. EIGRP uses bandwidth and delay and can use load and reliability as well.

53. 53 16-Aug-15 S Ward Abingdon and Witney College Metrics RIP uses hop count. It picks this route as the best.

54. 54 16-Aug-15 S Ward Abingdon and Witney College Metrics OSPF uses cost based on bandwidth. It picks this route as the best.

55. 55 16-Aug-15 S Ward Abingdon and Witney College Administrative distance There may be more than one routing protocol running. There may also be static routes. Static routes have administrative distance 1 or 0 by default. RIP routes have administrative distance 120 OSPF routes have administrative distance 110 The route with the lowest administrative distance goes in the routing table

56. 56 16-Aug-15 S Ward Abingdon and Witney College The End