1. EducationEducation

2. Education Attainment and Achievement Today, ever-greater proportions of American students are finishing high school and going on to college The gap of educational attainment between blacks and whites has narrowed considerably since the turn of the century In 2005, 85 percent of Americans over age 25 had completed four years of high school or more.

3. But that proportion was 80 percent for Blacks and 57 percent for Latinos. It is argued that higher dropout rates among minority students are caused by the fact that they do not receive enough help at home (cultural disadvantage argument)

4. Third International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) indicates that schoolchildren in Asia perform better academically than those in the U.S. A 1992 study in performance on standardized tests between students in the USA and Asia, confirmed that school children in Asia perform better academically than do those in the U.S. By the 5th grade, the U.S. students had fallen quite far behind their Asian counterparts

5. A different study found that U.S. colleges, especially community colleges, do a better job of preparing students for a changing labor market than do other institutions of higher education in the other nations studied

6. Declining Standards The level of educational knowledge is not increasing The Third International Mathematics and Science study in 1997 ranked American eighth graders 28th in mathematics and 17th in science This poor standing is attributed both to America  s low academic expectations and to the shorter school year

7. The average school year in the US is 180 days, compared to 210 days in Germany and 244 days in Japan Grade Inflation - Common practice of giving higher grades for less work than in the past Some introductory textbooks now are routinely  dumbed down  to a tenth-grade or lower reading level

8. Education and Equality: The Issue of Equal Access American society is based on the premise that everyone should have the right to an education »Equality through education There is a lot of criticism that not all students have access to the same quality education »Especially true for central-city minority children »Urban and suburban divide in educational access and resources

9. Educational Inequality The schools attended by lower-class children often have lower budgets and weaker academic programs than other schools due to the fact that most schools are financed with property taxes Tax dollars pay for public education, but the federal government provides only about 8 percent of needed school revenues Several states have had legal challenges to their system of school finance, and fourteen state supreme courts have ruled the existing systems unconstitutional and ordered basic reforms.

10. Black Students The lower level of educational attainment of African-Americans early on can be attributed to: 1.The Great Depression and the high rate of African- American unemployment 2.Residential and educational segregation and the under- funding of African-American schools Black females have college graduation rates that approach those of white males, but black male graduation rates are not showing similar increases

11. Hispanic Students Factors behind lower educational attainment among Hispanic students »Language barrier »De facto segregation in poor school districts Bilingual/bicultural education as a solution to improving the educational attainment of Hispanics

12. Bilingual education programs have been controversial Critics favor English immersion-based programs for non-English speaking students Critics argue it is a more effective approach to prepare non-English students to compete effectively in America

13. Asians Some Asian groups have done extremely well and now have a higher level of education than European Americans Nearly 9 out of 10 of those over 25 have completed high school, and almost half of young adults have at least a college degree. Asians are twice as likely as whites to graduate from college.

14. Sociological Perspectives on Education Functionalists stress stability and consensus and how education meets the needs of society Conflict theorists emphasize how schools reproduce inequalities in society Interactionists point out how interaction and labels shape education

15. Functionalist Approaches Functionalist perspective – problems in the educational system are a symptom of social disorganization »Schools are geared to educate students from stable homes and families »Educational problems involve deviance from accepted norms of achievement »Education as meeting the needs of a changing culture and economy

16. Conflict Approaches Conflict perspective - views the problems in education as stemming from the inequalities in society Conflict view has two themes Marxian »Focus is on reducing inequalities »Schools reflect the values of the dominant group

17. Conflict Approaches Conflict view has two themes Non-Marxian »Value-conflict approach »Intergroup conflict over defending one’s educational interests

18. Interactionist Approaches Interactionists focus on how schools label students and the impact this has on education and achievement »Achievers »Underachievers »Slackers »Rebels How teacher expectations influence student achievement

19. Table 11-1 (p. 357) Perspectives on Education

20. School Reform: Problems of Institutional Change Primary source of resistance to educational change has been educational institutions Schools have become large bureaucratic organizations with their own independent educational goals

21. Schools as Bureaucracies Bureaucratization of education has resulted in an increase in organizational size and complexity »Large administrative staffs Bureaucratization as led to an elaborate system of authority within educational organizations The push for National Standards in Education is leading to educational uniformity

23. Politics and Social Policy Educational Conservatism and Back to Basics The Fight Over National Standards Under the Bush administration there has been a push for the establishment of National Standards for Education

24. Politics and Social Policy Educational Conservatism and Back to Basics Opponents view the establishment of National Standards will hamper local efforts to achieve educational excellence »Stifle change and creativity The federal No Child Left Behind Act places heavy stress on achieving its goals through standardized tests in the primary grades This legislation was inspired by what was called the “Texas Miracle”

25. School Reform: Problems of Institutional Change Classroom and School Size The push for fewer students in a class »Smaller classes is related to increased achievement »Over 80 percent of teachers and administrators feel that a class size of 17 produces the best result in student achievement School size and student performance »Students perform better in smaller schools

26. School Reform: Problems of Institutional Change School Choice Voucher system - families are given an educational voucher(allowance) to use in choosing a school to send their children to Charter schools - specialized schools for students Homeschoolers are students whose parents report that their children are taught at home rather than in a public or private school. Students who are homeschooled perform as well, if not better, on average than those graduating from public schools.

27. Preschool Programs Head Start has grown in significance as an effective early-educational program »Low-income children are eligible for the program Children in Head Start are: »More likely to complete school »Lower rate of juvenile problems

28. Preschool Programs Perry Preschool Project- an early intervention program in Michigan Results of the Perry Project 1. Preschool children in the program showed improved cognitive performance 2. Improved scholastic performance throughout schooling 3. Increased high school graduation rate

29. Preschool Programs Results of the Perry Project 4. Showed lower rates of crime and delinquency 5. Lower rates of use of welfare 6. Lower rates of teenage pregnancy

30. Desegregation Pressures and policies to desegregate schools have come from the courts »Supreme court case in 1954 Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas The Brown decision showed that Segregation had negative effects on African-American children In 1980, the pace of desegregation slowed

31. Desegregation In 1991 the Supreme Court ruled in an Oklahoma city decision that schools could cease to bus students if the school District could show it has taken all practical steps to desegregate the schools Problems related to school integration exist in cities and suburbs and will continue to exist without further policies and strategies to desegregate schools

32. School Reform: Problems of Institutional Change The Technological Fix The technological fix to problems is related to American belief in the value of technology »Often apply technology to the solution of problems Network computer is viewed as a techno- fix for education Computers in the class room

33. School Reform: Problems of Institutional Change The Technological Fix Only two in ten teachers use computers daily with their students Computer gap between the haves and have not

34. School Violence Current sources of school violence are: 1. Lack of parental supervision 2. Violence in the media 3. Availability of guns 4. Harassment of students by other students 5. Influence of outside groups 6. Low self-esteem brought on by social isolation

35. School Violence Solutions to school violence Increase teacher authority in schools Metal detectors and security guards