1. Chapter 9 Lesson 2 The Urban North What do you think the Urban North would be like? Describe some of the positive and negative aspects of an urban area.

2. GROWTH OF Building methodsTransportationMunicipal services

3. I. Urban Growth A. City Populations Grow 1. U.S. cities grew quickly during the 1840’s due to immigrants and people moving from the farms. 2. As these cities grew they faced new problems: housing, protecting people, and a new transportation systems.

4. B. Providing Housing 1. New innovation in urban construction: the “balloon frame.” a. Introduced in the 1830’s. b. Wood was sawed into thin pieces that were nailed together to make a light, inexpensive frame. c. Was easy to make and didn’t require special skills. d. Mostly used in the west where there was plenty of space.

5. A balloon frame house

6. 2. Cast-iron columns a. Northeast cities were crowded and had to grow upward. b. Created cast-iron columns with stone buildings. c. Later iron was used for frames but was heavy and limited the height of buildings.

7. Cast-iron columns

8. C. Moving City People Around 1. Could no longer walk to their destinations. 2. 1850- horse-drawn vehicles called horse cars. 3. As the cities got more crowded-used less. 4. Transportation was one municipal-or city- run service.

9. A horse-drawn car

10. A modern horse-drawn car

11. D. Protecting People 1.Crime rose due to pop. Growth a. No organized law enforcement. b. 1845-NYC set up the 1 st modern police force. 2.Also needed fire protection a. Fire spread quickly b. Volunteers were replaced by professional firemen using steam-powered pumps. 3. Health problem a. No sanitation systems with polluted water. b. Metropolitan Board of Health was set up in NYC in 1866 after a cholera epidemic.

13. II. People in the Cities A. Social Classes 1.Higher class a. Wealthy factory owners, and bankers b. Outskirts of the city or the hills. 2. Middle class a. shopkeepers, craftspeople, ministers, and school teachers. b. Scattered throughout the town. 3. Poor class a. immigrants, ex-farmers, and unskilled laborers. b. lived in crowed apartments

14. B. Changing Social Relationships 1.Social classes didn’t change but their relationships did. 2.Gap between was wider. 3.Factory owners, bankers, and RR owners grew wealthier. 4.The poor workers life got harder-use to work close to home-now had to travel. a. Constant threat of unemployment.

15. C. Beginning of Reform 1.All of the urban problem led to reform movements. 2.Dorothea Dix-school teacher a. Helped create hospitals for mentally ill instead of going to prison. b. She also greatly improved the prison system.

16. Why do you think the mentally ill were treated so bad?

17. Some “modern” techniques

18. Straight jackets for “their” protection

19. The people of the middle ages could pay to see those in the asylum and were allowed to poke and tease them.

20. "If I am cold, they are cold; if I am weary, they are distressed; if I am alone, they are abandoned." - Dorothea Dix

21. Don’t forget to smile!!

22. Reflection Name at least three different types of problems the cities faced?