1. The Context of Congressional Elections Jacobson, Chapters 1, 2, and 3

2. Introduction “Elections stand at the core of American Political life.” They do two things: ◦The Mythical--Legitimize Authority (presumably we are governed by our own consent) ◦The Practical--Determine who will hold positions of power in the political system These two meet when we discuss the degree to which those in power are responsive to the electorate.

3. Main Questions Who gets elected to Congress and how? Why do people vote the way they do in congressional elections? How do electoral politics affect the way Congress works and the policies it produces? What kind of representation do congressional elections provide?

4. Studying Congressional Elections To answer these questions, political scientists use a variety of different research orientations. Some look at: ◦Voters ◦Candidates and Campaigns  Money ◦Aggregate Results of Congressional Elections  Distribution of House and Senate seats ◦Representation

5. To Begin… In order to start a discussion on congressional elections we first need to discuss…. CONTEXT!!!

6. Congressional Districts From where do members of Congress get elected? First, let’s talk about the House ◦Districts ◦Partisan Gerrymandering ◦Racial Gerrymandering

7. Partisan Tempered by incumbent protection (another use of the gerrymander) and candidate focused voters Facilitated by new computer programs Districts with multiple incumbents Texas Davis v. Bandemer – partisan gerrymander unconstitutional if sufficiently egregious. Racial Thornburg v. Gingles – districts should not discriminate against minorities. Shaw v. Reno and Miller v. Johnson – limits placed on blatant racial redistricting Hunt v. Cromartie – race can be considered if primary motivation is partisan.

8. The Senate Senate districts are the states. This creates a unique situation in terms of representation in the Senate. Senators from small states (population) have the same voting power as senators from large states. This generally results in the minority party winning a share of seats in the Senate significantly larger than their share of votes nationwide.

9. Election Laws For the most part, states are in charge of administering elections. However, there is a trend towards a uniformity in election laws across the states. A single date for elections encourages: ◦National Campaigns ◦Party Tickets ◦Coattail Effects

10. The Australian Ballot In the big inning (baseball pun intended) local party organizations printed the ballots. Between 1888 and 1896 about 90% of the states adopted the Australian Ballot. ◦Produced by the government ◦Lists candidates from all parties ◦Marked in the privacy of voting booth Makes it easier for ballot splitting. In some cases increased partisan loyalty.

11. Political Parties We cannot discuss parties without discussing the effect that primaries have had on the power of parties in national and even local elections.

12. Primaries Additionally, the primary system complicates the ability of members to pursue a congressional career. They must navigate two different elections, with two distinct electorates in order to win office. ◦Primary Constituency ◦General Election Constituency

13. Social and Political Contexts There are several other factors that contribute to the variability in election outcomes across the United States: ◦Geography ◦Population ◦Economics ◦Income ◦Communications ◦Ethnicity ◦Age ◦Political Habits

14. Next… In the next class we will take an in depth look at the candidates themselves, looking at things such as: ◦Incumbency ◦Challengers ◦Money ◦Homestyle