1. Domain Names Ferenc Suba LLM, MA Chairman of the Board, CERT-Hungary, Theodore Puskás Foundation Vice-Chair of the Management Board, European Network and Information Security Agency

2. Overview What is a domain name?  Technical  Legal  Structure of the DNS  TLD ICANN UDRP WIPO National Dispute Resolution.eu

3. What is a domain name? Technically  Like a phone-number  Unique addresses  IP address 32-bit numbers often expressed as 4 octets in dotted decimal notation  Alphanumerical string 192.0.34.163 = icann.org

4. Legally  Not trademarks  Not ownership User right for a limited period  No laws Self-regulation Request for Comments (RFC) 1591 http://rfc-1591.rfc-index.com

5. DNS structure? DNS = Domain Name System 2 (or more) levels:  Top Level Domain (TLD)  Second Level Domain (SLD)

6. TLD – Top Level Domains Generic TLD (gTLD) .com,.edu,.gov,.int,.mil,.net,.org .biz,.info,.name,.pro,.aero,.coop, and.museum Country Code TLD (ccTLD)  ISO 3166 .ee,.lv,.lt,.pl,.hu,.cz,.sk,.ro,.bg,.si

7. Hierachy 1. ICANN 2. Registry 3. Registrar 4. Registrant

8. ICANN The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers MoU with US Department of Commerce Coordinating body IP address space, DNS service management (incl. DNS servers) Technical focus  RIPE (Réseaux IP Européens)

9. Registry operators Registry, NIC, hostmaster, TLD manager Delegates SLDs (2nd level:.co.uk) Technical responsibility Administrative responsibility Duty to serve the community  National  Global internet community

10. Delegation procedures First filed - first served Established rights  local presence, trademark etc.

11. Disputes Cybersquatting (Mr. Smith registers cocacola.com) Typosquatting (misrosoft, gogle) Competing use (casino-monaco.com) Noncompeting use (two George Clooneys) Reverse domain name hijacking (using weak or nonexistent trademarks to get a registered domain name) Parody and commentary

12. UDRP Uniform Domain-Name Dispute-Resolution Policy Approved by ICANN October 24, 1999 Trademark-based domain-name disputes.com,.org,.net,.biz,.info,.name Cancellation or transfer Fast, effective and biased (see appeal procedure!)

13. Abusive registration and use identical or misleadingly similar to a trademark no rights or legitimate interests bad faith All 3 must be proven!(see D1318)

14. Legitimate interest Use or preparations to use Commonly known by that name Legitimate, noncommercial or fair use By way of prima facie proofs!!(see D1318)

15. Approved providers Asian Domain Name Dispute Resolution Centre (ADNRC) CPR Institute for Dispute Resolution (CPR) The National Arbitration Forum (NAF) World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)

16. WIPO - procedure Example: casino-monaco.com (Grand Duchy of Monte Carlo vs. Cybinter Ltd. from Hungary, D 1318 before WIPO) Complainant submits complaint online  and off line: 1 signed original + 4 copies to WIPO 1 copy to Respondent 1 copy to Registrar Complainant pays fee to WIPO

17. WIPO - procedure Defendant submits response online (20 days)  and off line: 1 signed original + 4 copies to WIPO 1 copy to Complainant 1 copy to Registrar

18. WIPO - procedure Panelist appointed within 5 days Decision within 14 days Communication to parties within 3 days Implementation within 10 days Language of registration agreement

19. Disputes - ccTLDs Arbitration  like UDRP (Union of Domain Name Resolution Policy) Court proceedings  national legislation

20. .eu EC Regulation No 733/2002 on the implementation of the.eu Top Level Domain EC Regulation No 874/2004 on registration EC Regulation No 1255/2007 amending 874/2004 Registry appointed  EURid DNS-BE (Belgium) IIT CNR (Italy) NIC SE (Sweden)

21. Who is able to register for how much? i. undertakings having their registered office, central administration or principal place of business within the European Community ii. organisations established within the European Community without prejudice to the application of national law iii. natural persons resident within the European Community iv. Price: 4 euros per domain name + profit of the registrar i.

22. Dispute resolution.eu Arbitration Court in Prague (Economic and Agricultural Chamber) Adr.eu Procedure: rules similar to UDRP and WIPO www.arbcourt.cz/adreu ssam

23. Thank you for your attention! ferenc.suba@cert-hungary.hu PTA CERT-Hungary www.cert-hungary.hu Theodore Puskás Foundation www.neti.hu www.neti.hu ENISA www.enisa.europa.eu

24. Questions What is a gTLD and ccTLD? What does UDRP stand for? What is reverse domain name hijacking? Where can a legal dispute about an.eu domain name be resolved?