1. 1 L ABORATORY I NSTRUMENTS AND A PPARATUSES By the end of this topic, the student will be able to: Identify and categorize the different instruments and apparatuses with their parts and uses in practice.

2. Glasswares: Beakers Erlenmeyer flasks Test tubes Heating: Tripod stand Bunsen Burner Experimental Apparatus: spectrophotometers Holding and Grabbing: Test tube Rack Spatula Filtering: Filter Paper Funnel :Observing Petri Dish Watch Glass Outlines

3. Glass wares

4. *Instruments for Liquid Volume Measurements

5. Liquid Volume Measurements Instruments used for volume measurement depends on the accuracy and volumes needed. The smaller the diameter of the instrument the more accurate it would be e.g. pipettes.

6. Pipettes A pipette measures and delivers exact volumes of liquids.

7. Glass graduated pipettes used to transfer small- volumes of liquids e.g. (1ml-10ml)

8. Automatic pipette Most accurate of all, used to transfer micro- volumes of liquids e.g. (1  l-1000  l) Automatic pipette tips

9. Graduated Cylinders A graduated cylinder is used to measure different volumes of liquids.

10. Volumetric flasks A volumetric flask is used for the preparation of solutions with different concentrations and volumes.

11. *Instruments For Transfer, Mixing Boiling And storage of Chemicals

12. Test tubes -Used for performing chemical experiments and reactions in lab. e.g. -Holding liquid samples for heating, dissolution, centrifugation, and other

13. Reagents and Chemicals Bottles Used for: Storage of different chemicals, reagents, and even strong corrosives. So, they should always carry an informative label.

14. Graduated Beakers A beaker holds solids or liquids that will not release gases when reacted or are unlikely to splatter if stirred or heated.

15. precise; expensive Range: Glassware – Precision and Cost beakervs.volumetric flask When filled to 1000 mL line, how much liquid is present? beaker 5% of 1000 mL = 50 mL volumetric flask 1000 mL + 0.30 mL 950 mL – 1050 mL 999.70 mL– 1000.30 mL imprecise; cheap Range:

16. Erlenmeyer flasks (conical flasks) hold solids or liquids that may release gases during a reaction or that are likely to splatter if stirred or heated. Erlenmeyer Flaskmeyer Flask (conical flask)

17. Rounded Flask (Florence Flask) Round (Florence) flask is rarely used; it is used for the mixing of chemicals. Narrow neck prevents splash exposure on heating or stirring.

18. Heating These objects are all used in the process of heating, but each one has a different function. Bunsen Burner Wire gauze Tripod stand Boiling Tube

19. Bunsen burners are used for the heating of nonvolatile liquids and solids. Bunsen Flame

20. Crucible Crucibles are used for heating certain solids, particularly metals, to very high temperatures.

21. Evaporating Dish The evaporating dish is made of porcelain or ceramic to withstand heat; as it’s used for the heating of stable solid compounds and elements.

22. Glass Stir Rod A glass rod is used to manually stir solutions. It can also be used to transfer a single drop of a solution.

23. * Instruments used For handling of Chemicals

24. It is inserted into the end of the glass pipette to help the delivery of liquid without suction by mouth. Pipette pump

25. It resembles small paddles or teaspoons. It resists corrosions. It is used to handle solid powdered chemicals. Spatula

26. Plastic Pasteur transfer Pipette Droppers & Plastic transfer pipette They are used to transfer small amounts or drops of liquid solutions.

27. Test tube Rack Test tube racks are for holding and organizing test tubes on the laboratory counter. Plastic racks may melt in contact with very hot test tubes.

28. Test Tube Holder A test tube holder is useful for holding a test tube which is too hot to handle.

29. Rubber Stoppers Rubber stoppers are used to close containers to avoid spillage, evaporation and /or contamination. Containers should never be heated when there is a stopper in place.

30. Well Plates Well plates are used when we want to perform many small scale reactions at one time.

31. Washing Bottle A wash bottle has a spout that delivers a wash solution to a specific area. Distilled water is the only liquid that should be used in a wash bottle.

32. Test Tube Brushes Test tube brushes are used to clean test tubes and graduated cylinders. Forcing a large brush into a small test tube will often break the tube.

33. Forceps Forceps (or tweezers) are used to pick up small objects.

34. Weighing Tray Weighing boats are used to weigh solids that will be transferred to another vessel.

35. Petri dish Used for culture studies and for preparing agar plates. Observing

36. Watch Glass Used as a surface to observe powder consistency. It may be used as a beaker cover or as a weighing tray.

37. *Instruments used For Filtration

38. Funnels A funnel is used to aid in the transfer of liquid from one vessel to another.

39. Filter papers Outer rough surface Inner smooth surface

40. Activity: Label the given illustrative diagram showing the filtration of magnesium carbonate. 1 2 3

41. *Instruments Used For Detecting pH And Recording of Temperature And Specific Gravity

42. Litmus Paper Red litmus paper is used to identify bases. Blue litmus paper is used to identify acids.

43. Thermometer Calibration marks along it, allow the temperature to be read by the length of mercury within it. It is used usually to measure the temperature of water bath in lab.

44. Urinometer (Hydrometer) Used to measure the specific gravity of a liquid e.g. urine

45. *Apparatuses and their parts Used in Lab

46. Lab water bath Water Bath provides precise temperature for lab reactions control and is available with an analog or digital operating system

47. Balance Used to weigh chemicals

48. Centrifuge Spins liquid samples at different high speeds to sediment different fractions.

49. Gel electrophoresis Apparatus Tank combs Glass plates separators Gel Tank cover Used to separate macromolecules as DNA, RNA and Protein

51. Gel electrophoresis Apparatus Activity: Label the diagram parts

52. Comb of gel-electrophoresis Forms wells in the gel which are needed to load samples in them.

53. paper electrophoresis Apparatus

54. Spectrophotometer Used to measure the absorbance (O.D) of different substances in biological fluid; using it to calculate the corresponding concentrations. Cuvette

55. pH meter Bulb of pH meter Used to measure the pH of a solution.

56. Measurement by glass wares ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ water in grad. cyl. mercury in grad. cyl.

57. There are some materials where the curve goes up. Still, you read the horizontal center of the meniscus (top of the meniscus). In some plastic cylinders water has a flat surface. In that case top or bottom doesn't matter, but we can still say use the center rather than the edges.

58. A characteristic of liquids in glass containers is that they curve at the edges. This curvature is called the meniscus. You measure the level at the horizontal center or inside part of the meniscus. The Meniscus

59. Glass Graduated Cylinder Reading the Volume from a 100-mL Graduated Cylinder

60. IMAGE. 100-mL graduated cylinder. Step 1: Determine the scale increment: Answer: How? Answer: In shown Fig, the large graduations are(10,20,30,40,50,60ml --- etc) between 60 mL and 50 mL = 10 mL. Next, ten small intervals between the large labeled graduations. Therefore, the scale increment is 10 mL/10 graduations = 1 mL/graduation.

61. Step 2: Use the labeled graduations and the scale increment to measure. How? Answer The volume is greater than 50 mL, Next, use the scale increment. There are two graduation marks below the meniscus, and each graduation represents 1 mL, so the certain digits of the reading are 52 mL

62. Now, or when you are in the lab, read through the instructions and complete Exercise XXX in your workbook, and have an instructor check for the volume measurements that you make. -Using graduated cylinder -Using graduated pipette Activity:

63. Reading the Volume from a 100-mL Graduated Cylinder, write briefly what your going to do.

64. Identify each volume to two decimal places (values tell you how much you have expelled) 4.50 mL 4.8mL 5.00 mL Activity: Reading a pipette

65. Dr/ Amal Mansour