1. X-Ray Diffraction Spectroscopy RAMAN Microwave

2. What is X-Ray Diffraction?

3. X-Ray Diffraction and The Bragg’s Law Max Von LaueWilliam Lawrence BraggWilliam Henry Bragg

4. BRAGG’S LAW

6. COMPONENTS OF XRD MACHINE

9.  Find structure to determine function of proteins  Distinguish between different crystal structures with identical compositions  Study crystal deformation and stress properties  Study of rapid biological and chemical properties  Crystallographic applications

10. Spectroscopy is the study of the interaction between matter and radiated energy. It originated through the study of visible light dispersed according to its wavelength, by a prism. Spectroscopy is the measurement of radiation intensity as a function of wavelength. SPECTROSCOPY

11. The Electromagnetic Spectrum

12. RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY  Raman Spectroscopy is a technique that uses scattered light resulting from photon–molecule collisions to investigate molecular properties.

13. RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY

15.  Stokes Lines: Energy shifted down  Anti-Stokes: Energy shifted up  Raman scattering is governed by the polarizability of the electron cloud of the sample

16. A MODERN RAMAN SPECTROMETER

17.  Identification of compound by matching the spectrum of unknown with reference spectrum (fingerprint).  Determination of molecular composition of surfaces.  Identification of all type of inorganic compounds in solid and aqueous solution.  Detection of molecular impurites and additives.

19.  Microwave rotational spectroscopy uses microwave radiation to measure the energies of rotational transitions for molecules in the gas phase.

20. MICROWAVE SPECTROSCOPY ▪It is mainly used to get information about gas molecules, such as ▪1. Accurate bond lengths and angles. ▪2. Electric dipole moments. ▪3. Centrifugal distortion constants. ▪ It can also be used to study dielectric constants, dipole moments in liquids and solutions, and potential energy barriers to rotation