1. Mixtures, solutions, and solubility
Exploring non-pure substances

2. Review: what is a mixture?
Mixtures are physical combinations of substances
Mixtures can be separated into their original components
Mixtures can be evenly distributed (homogenous) or unevenly distributed (heterogeneous).

3. Review: what is a mixture?
Which of the two options below is a homogenous mixture? Which is a heterogeneous one?

4. Review: what are solutions?
Solutions are homogeneous mixtures in which one part of the solution is dissolved into the other.
Solute: part that dissolves; present in smaller amount
Solvent: part that is dissolved into; present in larger amount
Both the solute and the solvent can be in any of the three states/phases of matter; however, we usually only discuss liquid solvents.

5. Review: what are solutions?
Think back to the ethanol and water mixture. Which is the solute and which is the solvent?

6. Review: what are solutions?
The ethanol was present in a smaller amount, making it the solute.
The water was present in a greater amount, making it the solvent.

7. What is solubility?
Solubility is a measure of how well a particular solute dissolves in a particular solvent; it is the ability to form a solution solution + ability  solubility
Therefore, it is defined as a property of the solute.
Solubility can be effected by several factors, some of which we will explore in the near future.

8. What is saturation?
Saturation is a relative measure (qualitative) of how much of a solute is dissolved compared to the maximum amount allowed (based on solubility).  A saturated solution contains exactly that maximum amount dissolved in solution  An unsaturated solution contains less than the maximum amount  A supersaturated solution contains more than the maximum amount

9. What is saturation?

10. Concentration

11. What is concentration?
Concentration is a quantitative measure of how much (mass) solute is dissolved in an amount (volume) of solvent
The units are the same as those for density: g/mL or g/cm3
General Formula = mass of solute dissolved / volume of solvent  Usually reported in g / 100 mL of solvent

12. Density v concentration
What is density a measure of?

13. Density v concentration
What is concentration a measure of?

14. How to calculate concentration
What is the concentration of a solution if 15 g of sugar is dissolved in 50 cm3 of water?
What is the concentration in g/100 cm3?

15. How to calculate concentration
What is the concentration of a solution if 15 g of sugar is dissolved in 50 cm3 of water?
Ans – 0.30 g/cm3
What is the concentration in g/100 cm3?
Ans – 30 g/100 cm3

16. How to calculate concentration
If the concentration of a solution is 2.53 g/mL, how many grams of solute are dissolved in 75 mL of water?

17. How to calculate concentration
If the concentration of a solution is 2.53 g/mL, how many grams of solute are dissolved in 75 mL of water?
Ans – 190 g of solute

18. Concentration Practice #1
1) What is the concentration of a solution composed of 8.21 g of potassium chromate dissolved in enough water to make 500 mL of solution
2) If you had g of silver nitrate and wanted to make a solution with a concentration of g/mL, how much water would you need?
3) How many grams of sugar must be added to 450 mL of water to make a solution with a concentration of 0.12 g/mL?

19. Concentration practice #2
1) What is the concentration if 75.0 g of ethanol are dissolved in 0.5 L of water? What is this concentration in g/100mL?
2) If you wanted to make 1000mL of a 6.0 g/mL solution of citric acid, how many grams must of citric acid must you add?
3) Determine the concentration of a solution that contains lbs of salt and 300 mL of water. (Note that 1 lb = g)

20. Bonus: another unit
Another way of expressing concentration is by percent.
General formula = g of solute / 100 g of solvent
Example: A solution of 45 g of table salt in 100 mL of water (density = 1.0 g/mL) is a 45% solution.

21. Concentration practice #3
1) What is the percent concentration of a solution made using 43 g of sugar dissolved in 475 mL of water (density = 1.0 g/mL)?
2) How many grams of potassium permanganate would you need to add to 1 L of water to make a solution with a concentration of 20%?
3) What is the percent concentration of a solution made using 100 g of caffeine dissolved in 800 mL of ethanol (density = 0.80 g/mL)?