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2. Fermentation: Fermentation is the decomposition of carbohydrates by microorganisms or enzymes. Oldest method of preservation by this method foods are preserved by the alcohol or organic acid formed by microbial action. Wines, beers, fermented drinks etc. are pre pared by these processes. Fruit juices which have undergone alcoholic fermentation by yeasts include wine, champagne, port, sherry, tokay, muscat, perry, orange wine, berry wine, nira and cider. PreviousNextEnd

3. Wine : Most of fruits are used for wine making. To the pulp (200 brix) 100 ppm of SO 2 in the form of KMS is added to suppress the yeast activity. Pectinase enzyme is added at the rate of 0.5% and after holding the same for 8-12h, the pulp is inoculated with saccharomyces cerevisiae in the ratio of 1:10. The fermentation is carried out at 22  2˚c for 7-10 days. PreviousNextEnd

4. After the completion of fermentation, clear liquid is filtered through a clean muslin cloth and stored in sterile bottles at 21- 24˚C for a month when the suspended matter settles leaving clear wine on the top. The wine is further treated with bentonite and stored in bottles with 1000 ppm SO 2 as KMS. Bananas make a really versatile wine that can be consumed as is or blended with other wines to add body and a bit of flavor. PreviousNextEnd

5. BANANA WINE [DRY]: Material: 4 1/2 lbs peeled bananas 1/2 lb banana skins 1 1/2 cups (12 oz) white grape concentrate 1 3/4 lbs finely granulated sugar 2 tsp citric acid 1/8 tsp grape tannin 6 1/2 pts water 1 tsp yeast nutrient white wine yeast PreviousNextEnd

6. Procedure: Mash the bananas and finely chop the skins, placing both in primary. Meanwhile, bring water to boil and in it dissolve sugar completely. Pour water over fruit and skins and cover primary. When cool, add all remaining ingredients except yeast and stir well to dissolve. Add activated yeast and recover primary. PreviousNextEnd

7. Ferment vigorously for two days and strain through muslin into secondary. Attach airlock and ferment to dryness. Rack, top up, and refit airlock. Allow 90 days for wine to clear. If it does not clear on its own, add amylase according to its instructions. When clear, rack again, top up and refit airlock. Age 2 months, stabilize, and refit airlock. After final 30 days, rack into bottles and allow 3 months rest before drinking. PreviousNextEnd

8. BANANA BEER: Banana beer is made from bananas, mixed with a cereal flour (often sorghum flour) and fermented to an orange, alcoholic beverage. It is sweet and slightly hazy with a shelf life of several days under correct storage conditions. There are many variations in how the beer is made. For instance, Urwaga banana beer in Kenya is made from bananas and sorghum or millet and Lubisi is made from bananas and sorghum. PreviousNextEnd

9. Raw material preparation Ripe bananas (Musa spp.) are selected. In the rainy season unripe bananas can be left to finish ripening laid on a hurdle over the fire where the cooking is done. During the dry season bananas can be ripened by making a pit in the ground, covering the sides of the pit with green banana leaves, packing the bananas in to the pit and then covering them with banana leaves and earth. PreviousNextEnd

10. On one side of the pit a little ditch should be dug for a fire so that warmth and smoke can enter the pit. This takes about six days. The bananas should then be peeled. If the peels cannot be removed by hand then the bananas are not sufficiently ripe. PreviousNextEnd

11. Processing: The first step is the preparation of the banana juice. The extraction of a high yield of banana juice without excessive browning or contamination by spoilage micro-organisms and proper filtration to produce a clear product is of great importance. Grass can be used to squeeze the banana so that only a clear juice is obtained. The residue will remain in the grass. PreviousNextEnd

12. One volume of water should be added to every three volumes of banana juice. This makes the total soluble solids low enough for the yeast to act. Cereals are ground and roasted and added to improve the colour and flavour of the final product. The mixture is placed in a container, which is covered in polythene to ferment for 18 to 24 hours. PreviousNextEnd

13. The raw materials are not sterilized by boiling and therefore provide an excellent substrate for microbial growth. It is essential that proper hygienic procedures are followed and that all equipment is thoroughly sterilized to prevent contaminating bacteria from competing with the yeast and producing acid instead of alcohol. This can be done by cleaning with boiling water or with chlorine solution. PreviousNextEnd

14. Care is necessary to wash the equipment free of residual chlorine, as this would interfere with the actions of the yeast. Strict personal hygiene is also essential. The main micro-organism is Saccharomyces cerevisiae which is the same organism that is involved in the production of grape wine. After fermentation the product is filtered through cotton cloth. PreviousNextEnd

15. Raw materialsRipe bananas PeelPeel by hand Remove residueUse grass to knead or squeeze out the juice. The residue will remain in the grass. Mix with clean waterThe water: banana juice ratio should be 1:3 Mix with cereal flour Mix with ground and roasted cereals to local taste. For sorghum the ratio should be 1:12 FermentIn plastic container. Leave to ferment for 18 to 24 hours. FilterThrough cotton cloth PackIn one-litre plastic bottles with cork stoppers or equivalent Store Flow diagram PreviousNextEnd

16. Packaging and storage: Packaging is usually only required to keep the product for its relatively short shelf life. Clean glass or plastic bottles should be used. The product should be kept in a cool place away from direct sunlight. PreviousNextEnd

17. ALCOHOL FROM BANANA PEEL PreviousNextEnd

18. Assessment : 1.Fermentation is the decomposition of carbohydrates by ----- Ans : enzyme or micro organisms 2. which chemical is added to suppress the yeast activity? a.cuso 4 b.KMS c. so 2 3.The fermentation is carried out at -------- ˚ c a.22  2 b.24  4 c.25  5 4.Urwaga banana beer famous in which country? a. Kenya b. USA c. Netherland PreviousNextEnd

19. Reference:  Jack S. Blocker, David M. Fahey, Ian R. Tyrrel (2001). Alcohol and Temperance in Modern History. ABC-CLIO. pp. 85.Alcohol and Temperance in Modern History  David Robinson Lee & Christopher Brendan Barrett (2001). Tradeoffs or Synergies?. pp. 377. ISBN 0851994350.Tradeoffs or Synergies?ISBN0851994350  Katrina H. Borromeo (December 2005). "Banana wine, anyone?". Bureau of Agricultural Research Chronicle. Retrieved October 23, 2010."Banana wine, anyone?"  http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/food-and-drink/banana-wine- anyone-food-biz-flashes-new-ideas-in-paris-2111987.html. http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/food-and-drink/banana-wine- anyone-food-biz-flashes-new-ideas-in-paris-2111987.html  http://www.lebananie.com/eng-story_of_the_company-pt.htm. http://www.lebananie.com/eng-story_of_the_company-pt.htm  http://caribgourmet.blogspot.com/2010/10/banana-wine-from-carib- gourmet.html http://caribgourmet.blogspot.com/2010/10/banana-wine-from-carib- gourmet.html PreviousNextEnd