2. Kingdom Fungi Fungi are heterotrophs; they cannot make their own food. Fungi absorb nutrients from the environment outside of its body by secreting powerful hydrolytic enzymes into the environment to break down complex molecules so that they can be absorbed Most fungi are structured with multicellular filaments and/or single cells (such as yeast) Most fungi reproduce by producing large numbers of spores, either asexually or sexually

3. FungiPlant Fungi are heterotrophs Fungi cell walls are made of chitin Fungi can be coenocytic Plants are autotrophs Plants are made of cellulose Plants cannot be coenocytic *eukaryotic *originated from protists *alternation of generations

4. Alternation of Generations bcs.whfreeman.com

5.  Hyphae are haploid.  When two hyphae fuse in plasmogamy, the resultimg mycelium is said to be heterokaryon, meaning there are two coexisting nuclei present.  In Karygomy, the two coexisting nuclei form to create a diploid zygote.  After meiosis, the haploid conditions are restored with the formation of haploid spores.

7.  Fungi As Decomposers › Fungi Keep ecosystem stocked with inorganic material for plant growth › Without fungi carbon nitrogen and other elements would be tied up in organic matter › metabolize dead organisms and other waste products, making their molecules available to other creatures.  Mutualism › Endophytes -live inside leaves or plants which create toxins that deter herbivores or by increasing host plan tolerance of heat drought, or heavy metals. › Symbiosis- Some fungi share digestive services with animals which help break down plant material in the stomach. › Lichens- is a mass of hyphae that hold individual photosynthetic cells

8.  Pathogens › Chestnut blight, pine pinch canker, rye disease › Fungal infections is called mycosis  Ringworm disease  Yeast infections  Molds  Food › Creation of cheeses, colas, yeast, alcohol, bread, mushrooms, truffles

9.  Fungi used to stop internal bleeding after childbirth  Antibiotics › Penicillium › Cyclosporine- suppress immune system after organ transplants

11.  1000 species  Fast-growing molds on food  Hyphae of zygomycetes spreads and absorbs nutrients out over the food surface  In asexual phase, bulbous black sporangium develop at tips of the upright hyphae and are dispersed through the air  When environmental conditions deteriorate, zygomycetes may reproduce sexually › * Plasmogamy produces a zygosporangium, in which karyogamy and subsequently meiosis can occur

12. Figure 31.13 Campbell

13.  A.k.a. Sac Fungi  Ascomycotes produce sexual spores called ascospores in sac like structure called an ascus (asci plural) +When ascomycotes reproduce sexually, dikaryotic cells are formed, and cells at the tip of dikaryotic hyphae develop into many asci. +Within each ascus, karygomy combines the two parental genomes and through meiosis, four different nuclei are formed. Mitosis following this results in eight ascospores. * an extended dikaryotic stage provide increased opportunities for genetic recombination  When Ascomycotes reproduce asexually, they produce an enormous amount of asexual spores called conidiospores in clusters at the tips of specialized hyphae called conidia.  Ascomycotes can be multicellular (ex. Morels and truffles) or unicellular (ex. Yeast)

14. Figure 31.17 Campbell

15.  A.k.a Club Fungi  Important decomposers of wood and other plant material.  During sexual reproduction of a basidiomycete, two mycelium combine through plasmogamy to form a dikaryotic mycelium. In response to environmental stimuli, the basidiocarp forms (mushroom) The gills of the basidiocarp houses basidia, dikaryotic cells, which form basidiospores through meiosis.

16. Figure 31.19 Campbell