1. Public-Private Partnerships: State of Practice and Research Needs The 14 th Annual Public Private Partnership Conference World Bank, Washington, DC September 8, 2014 Nobuhiko Daito George Mason University School of Policy, Government, and International Affairs ndaito@gmu.edu 1

2. Presentation Outline Who we are Market Conditions of P3s in the U.S. Advantages and Disadvantages of P3s Financing P3s: Challenges and Policy Tools Risks of P3 Projects Critical Policy Discussions 2

3. Research projects on P3s – Data needs for socioeconomic assessment of infrastructure P3s – Viability of multi-jurisdictional transportation P3s: an institutional framework review – Does political contestability affect implementation of P3s? – Renegotiation of transportation P3s – Cost differences of P3s and traditionally procured highway projects in the U.S. White Papers – Research & policy issues white paper – Best practices white paper Co-sponsoring National Conference on P3s Graduate education: master-level courses on P3s Conference Participation & Outreach Activities Center Website: p3policy.gmu.edu Center for Transportation Public-Private Partnership Policy George Mason University School of Policy, Government and International Affairs

4. Market Conditions of P3s in the U.S. 4 Source: Public Works Financing

5. -Types of US P3 projects that reached financial close, 1986-2013 5 Source: Public Works Financing Market Conditions of P3s in the U.S.

6. P3s: Advantages & Disadvantages 6 Advantages Utilization of private financial resources On-budget, on-time delivery Innovative technologies and management know-hows of the private sector Improved O&M efficiency Improved asset management Disadvantages Substantial transaction costs – Legal, financial and technical consulting service fees – Higher interest costs in cases of private debt-financing Complexity makes the projects more prone to risks

7. Financing P3s: P3s Are Not Free Money Revenue Streams Direct User Charges (Tolls, Transit Fares, User Fees) Public sector contribution/subsidy (e.g., Availability Payments) Debt & Equity Sources: repaid through revenue sources Private shareholder equity Non taxable bonds (private activity bonds) Taxable bonds Bank debt (senior and/or subordinate) State infrastructure bank loans Federal loans 7

8. Types of Government Support for Financing P3s Equity participation Monetary and in-kind (e.g. right-of-way) government contribution to a project – Assures public involvement and support for its implementation and operation – Helps achieve a more favorable debt-equity ratio when other sources of equity capital are not available or limited Government loans Loans with favorable terms to reduce financing costs E.g., Transportation Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Act (TIFIA) – Subordinated loans to transportation projects with e dedicated funding sources (e.g., tolls), but might not be fully financeable without assistance – Can account for no more than 49% of the project cost Other policy tools Other forms of credit support (e.g., loan guarantees, line of credit) Performance guarantees (e.g., revenue guarantee) Tax benefits Protection from competition (e.g. non-compete clause) 8

9. P3 Project Risks Broader Sets of Risks for the Developer/Contractor Political – Confrontational political climate: “politicizing” projects – Changes in law Regulation – Permit – Environmental lawsuits Capital Expenditures – Project schedule overrun – Inflation / material and labor costs Revenue – Lower than projected traffic and toll revenue/income – Changing market conditions Operation & Maintenance (O&M) – Performance risk – Operating cost overrun Financing – Spread between O&M and revenue growth rates 9

10. Readiness for Successful P3 Implementation 10 Factors for successful P3s (OECD Action Points) A credible pipeline of robust projects A legal and regulatory framework that commands confidence A capable public interface with the private operator Political will to use private sector operators Strong investor protection Project assessment and appraisal norms that focus on value for money Transparent budgeting practice to minimize sovereign fiscal risk

11. Critical Policy Discussions: How are P3s Actually Doing? Both successes and failures: What is a success of P3s? Distinct perspectives: citizens; policy makers, operators, investors, etc. Are they really achieving value for money? Evaluation is difficult: small Number of US P3 concessions have reached maturity – Other countries have successfully used P3s to invest in infrastructure and providing social services – U.K., Canada, Australia, etc. Evaluation is difficult: each jurisdiction is a unique market with distinct institutions These issues need to be adequately addressed to effectively continue providing services to citizens through P3s The need for unbiased public education on this issue Research to evaluate performance and improve practice 11

12. Center for Transportation Public-Private Partnership Policy George Mason University School of Policy, Government and International Affairs For more information: Visit us at: p3policy.gmu.edu Nobuhiko Daito On behalf of Jonathan L. Gifford, Ph.D. George Mason University School of Public Policy 3351 Fairfax Drive, Arlington, VA 22201 USA jgifford@gmu.edu / +1(703)993-2275 12