1. Iran Political and Economic Change Matthew David

2. Pivotal Concepts Domestic stability Domestic stability Foreign invasion/intervention Foreign invasion/intervention Liberalization Liberalization Types of government vs. outcomes Types of government vs. outcomes Measures of successful governance Measures of successful governance

3. 1906 Constitution (1906) Persians were deeply dissatisfied with Qajari rule and foreign intervention. Persians were deeply dissatisfied with Qajari rule and foreign intervention. They demanded the protections and stability of a constitution. They demanded the protections and stability of a constitution. Mozafar o-Din Shah reluctantly agreed to the formation of a Majlis that would be empowered to draft a constitution. Mozafar o-Din Shah reluctantly agreed to the formation of a Majlis that would be empowered to draft a constitution. The First Term of the Majlis ratified the constitution. The First Term of the Majlis ratified the constitution.

4. 1921 Coup – Causes (1921-1925) Foreign occupation – Russia, U.K Foreign occupation – Russia, U.K Russian Revolution – Russian withdrawal Russian Revolution – Russian withdrawal Qajari leadership was ineffective, corrupt, and weak. Qajari leadership was ineffective, corrupt, and weak. Foreign and domestic interests interfered with the function of the Majlis. Foreign and domestic interests interfered with the function of the Majlis. Reza Khan, an officer, assumes control of the Persian Cossack Brigade. Reza Khan, an officer, assumes control of the Persian Cossack Brigade.

5. 1921 Coup – Effects (1925) Ahmad Shah, the final Qajari ruler, is removed by Reza Khan’s forces. Ahmad Shah, the final Qajari ruler, is removed by Reza Khan’s forces. Reza Khan is designated Reza Shah Pahlavi, first ruler of the Pahlavi dynasty. Reza Khan is designated Reza Shah Pahlavi, first ruler of the Pahlavi dynasty. The Majlis is marginalized to a rubber- stamp capacity in a new, authoritarian regime. The Majlis is marginalized to a rubber- stamp capacity in a new, authoritarian regime.

6. Reza Shah Pahlavi’s Rule (1925- 1941) Parallel modernization and deliberalization. Parallel modernization and deliberalization. –Shari’a courts are replaced with secular ones. –Secular, public education (University of Iran) –Infrastructure is built (Trans-Iranian Railway) –Productive capacity for oil was increased –Press was extremely limited –Citizen groups (unions and political parties) are prohibited.

7. Pahlavi Succession (1941) Reza Shah Pahlavi wished to maintain commercial ties with Germany. Reza Shah Pahlavi wished to maintain commercial ties with Germany. Iran appreciated Germany’s lack of imperial activity in Iran. Iran appreciated Germany’s lack of imperial activity in Iran. The Allies feared German control of Iranian oil and obstruction of the Persian Corridor supply route. The Allies feared German control of Iranian oil and obstruction of the Persian Corridor supply route. Anglo-Soviet forces invaded Iran. Anglo-Soviet forces invaded Iran.

9. Pahlavi Succession (cont.) (1941) Invasion force secures supply routes and oil fields. Invasion force secures supply routes and oil fields. Britain has a personal distaste for the Shah, as a result, it insists that Reza Shah Pahlavi abdicate his rule; he is exiled to South Africa. Britain has a personal distaste for the Shah, as a result, it insists that Reza Shah Pahlavi abdicate his rule; he is exiled to South Africa. His son, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, assumes the throne of Shah. His son, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, assumes the throne of Shah. Iran suffers great economic and humanitarian costs under Allied occupation. Iran suffers great economic and humanitarian costs under Allied occupation.

10. Post-War Pahlavi Rule (1941-1949) Mohammad Reza Pahlavi lacked the totalitarian capability of his father. Mohammad Reza Pahlavi lacked the totalitarian capability of his father. This control deficit allowed the political environment to liberalize. This control deficit allowed the political environment to liberalize. Political parties and trade unions formed. They ranged from theocrats to communists. Political parties and trade unions formed. They ranged from theocrats to communists. Mohammad Mossadegh led the National Front, a broadly popular opposition party. Mohammad Mossadegh led the National Front, a broadly popular opposition party.

11. Rise of Mossadegh (1949-1951) The British oil concession provided Iran with limited revenue. The British oil concession provided Iran with limited revenue. Faced with the popularity of Mossadegh, the Shah allowed him to become prime minister. Faced with the popularity of Mossadegh, the Shah allowed him to become prime minister. The Majlis nationalized Iran’s oil industry. The Majlis nationalized Iran’s oil industry. Britain responded with an embargo on Iranian oil; oil revenues were eviscerated. Britain responded with an embargo on Iranian oil; oil revenues were eviscerated.

13. 1953 Coup d'état (1953) Desperate to reinstate control over Iran’s oil, the British government enlisted the assistance of the C.I.A. to oust Mossadegh. Desperate to reinstate control over Iran’s oil, the British government enlisted the assistance of the C.I.A. to oust Mossadegh. The British government noted the rise of the pro-communism Tudeh party. The British government noted the rise of the pro-communism Tudeh party. The administration of Eisenhower, committed to containing communism, was receptive to the British request. The administration of Eisenhower, committed to containing communism, was receptive to the British request.

15. 1953 Coup d'état (cont.) The CIA and MI6 began a propaganda campaign to build popular support for Mossadegh’s ouster. The CIA and MI6 began a propaganda campaign to build popular support for Mossadegh’s ouster. The initial attempt of the coup failed; the Shah was forced to flee Iran. The initial attempt of the coup failed; the Shah was forced to flee Iran. The Anglo-American forces initiated a second phase, manifest in demonstrations demanding the Shah’s return. The Anglo-American forces initiated a second phase, manifest in demonstrations demanding the Shah’s return. Mossadegh’s government fell, and the Shah reassumed his throne. Mossadegh’s government fell, and the Shah reassumed his throne.

16. Post-coup Pahlavi Rule (1953-1979) Rule was bolstered by Western support. Rule was bolstered by Western support. Extensive military investment Extensive military investment Foreign policy outreach Foreign policy outreach Shah limited civil liberties to prevent future uprisings – SAVAK secret police. Shah limited civil liberties to prevent future uprisings – SAVAK secret police. Land reform redistributed arable land to small-scale farmers in exchange for stakes in Iranian industry. Profits from agriculture were distributed within land collectives. Land reform redistributed arable land to small-scale farmers in exchange for stakes in Iranian industry. Profits from agriculture were distributed within land collectives.

17. White Revolution (1960s) Intensified redistribution of land Intensified redistribution of land Public health and literacy initiatives Public health and literacy initiatives Expansion of secular courts and education Expansion of secular courts and education Increased education, economic opportunity, and political influence (enfranchisement) for women. Increased education, economic opportunity, and political influence (enfranchisement) for women. Degradation of clerical wealth and influence Degradation of clerical wealth and influence Collective farms lacked infrastructure and central support. Collective farms lacked infrastructure and central support. Urbanization outpaced public services and economic capacity. Urbanization outpaced public services and economic capacity.

18. Iranian Revolution – Causes (1970s) Shah’s oppressive rule Shah’s oppressive rule Policies that conflicted with Islamism Policies that conflicted with Islamism Western support for the Shah Western support for the Shah

20. Iranian Revolution – Participants While the Shah was in power, the opposition groups united with religious leaders in support of Ayatollah Khomeini. While the Shah was in power, the opposition groups united with religious leaders in support of Ayatollah Khomeini. Opponents of the Shah: Opponents of the Shah: –Youth –Urbanites –Unemployed workers –Migrants

21. Iranian Revolution – Events (1978- 1979) Protests would occur in cycles: young people would demonstrate against the Shah, they would be killed, and another group would protest the Shah’s brutality and honor the previous one’s martyrdom. Protests would occur in cycles: young people would demonstrate against the Shah, they would be killed, and another group would protest the Shah’s brutality and honor the previous one’s martyrdom. In early 1979, faced with the imminent threat of the revolutionaries, the Shah departed Iran. In early 1979, faced with the imminent threat of the revolutionaries, the Shah departed Iran. His appointed successors, the Regency Council, could not govern Iran. His appointed successors, the Regency Council, could not govern Iran. Ayatollah Khomeini returned to mass public support. Ayatollah Khomeini returned to mass public support. Iranians voted to establish an Islamic Republic under the rule of Khomeini. Iranians voted to establish an Islamic Republic under the rule of Khomeini.

23. Iranian Revolution – Effects (1979) Iran became an Islamic Republic (Theocracy). Iran became an Islamic Republic (Theocracy). The conservative members of the revolutionary coalition marginalized the other members. The conservative members of the revolutionary coalition marginalized the other members. Political leaders and laws were changed to reflect strict adherence to Islamism. Political leaders and laws were changed to reflect strict adherence to Islamism. Revolutionary Guards eliminated opposition and secured the new regime against Western intervention (Cultural Revolution). Revolutionary Guards eliminated opposition and secured the new regime against Western intervention (Cultural Revolution). Ties with and practices of the West were eliminated from Iran. Ties with and practices of the West were eliminated from Iran. Students, inspired by revolutionary fervor, took hostages at the United States’ embassy in Tehran. Students, inspired by revolutionary fervor, took hostages at the United States’ embassy in Tehran.

26. Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988) Saddam Hussein, the Sunni leader of Iraq, wished to destabilize the new Shia regime in Iran. Saddam Hussein, the Sunni leader of Iraq, wished to destabilize the new Shia regime in Iran. Iran wished to eliminate Hussein and liberate Iraq’s Shia population. Iran wished to eliminate Hussein and liberate Iraq’s Shia population. Iraq’s forces moved to capture the Shatt al-Arab waterway; Iran later retook the territory. Iraq’s forces moved to capture the Shatt al-Arab waterway; Iran later retook the territory. The enormously costly war ended in a stalemate. The enormously costly war ended in a stalemate.

28. 1989 Constitutional Referendum (1989) As Ayatollah Khomeini neared death, Iran considered the future of its constitution. As Ayatollah Khomeini neared death, Iran considered the future of its constitution. After consideration within Iran’s leadership, a constitutional referendum was proposed by the Majlis. After consideration within Iran’s leadership, a constitutional referendum was proposed by the Majlis. A majority of voters approved the amendments. A majority of voters approved the amendments. The new constitution eliminated the prime minister, defined the process of succession for the Supreme Leader, and clarified the authority of the Expediency Council. The new constitution eliminated the prime minister, defined the process of succession for the Supreme Leader, and clarified the authority of the Expediency Council.

29. Post-Referendum Leadership (1989-Present) While the religious leadership has been conservative, Iranian presidents have varied in ideology. While the religious leadership has been conservative, Iranian presidents have varied in ideology. Of the most recent three presidents, one has been a reformer (Khatami), one a conservative (Ahmadinejad), and one a moderate (Rouhani). Of the most recent three presidents, one has been a reformer (Khatami), one a conservative (Ahmadinejad), and one a moderate (Rouhani). Varying amounts and successes of privatization. Varying amounts and successes of privatization.

30. Foreign Relations Iran developed an adversarial relationship with its former allies in the West. Iran developed an adversarial relationship with its former allies in the West. The government has funded Shia extremists across the Middle East. The government has funded Shia extremists across the Middle East. Opposition to Israel is a cornerstone of Iranian foreign policy. Opposition to Israel is a cornerstone of Iranian foreign policy. A nuclear program has been the source of considerable tension and sanctions from the West. A nuclear program has been the source of considerable tension and sanctions from the West.

32. Comparison to U.S. Political Change Iranian revolutionary fervor can be compared to conservative backlash in the U.S. Iranian revolutionary fervor can be compared to conservative backlash in the U.S. Three essential elements: Three essential elements: –Social issues infuriate the public (Departure from Islam & CRM) –Undesirable changes are attributed to a broader ill (Foreign intervention & social upheaval/moral decay) –Response that exceeds the scope of the identified problem (Authoritarian government & economic reform)

36. Activity Draw a conclusion about Iran’s condition resulting from one of four scenarios. Draw a conclusion about Iran’s condition resulting from one of four scenarios.

37. Activity – Scenarios 1. Iran under Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 2. Mossadegh not ousted by coup d'état 3. Iran led by non-Islamist revolutionaries 4. Modern Iran