1. SWE 4743 Abstract Data Types Richard Gesick

2. SWE 4743 2-14 Abstraction Classification, generalization, and aggregation are the basic ways we have of structuring information. When they are repeatedly applied to objects, hierarchies of new objects are formed.

3. SWE 4743 3-14 ADT The idea of an ADT is to separate the notions of specification (what kind of thing we're working with and what operations can be performed on it) and implementation (how the thing and its operations are actually implemented).

4. SWE 4743 4-14 Specification of ADT A description of the elements that compose the data type A description of the relationships between the individual components in the data type A description of the operations we wish to perform on the components of the data type

5. SWE 4743 5-14 Abstract Data Types An abstract data type (ADT) is a model of a data structure that specifies: – the characteristics of the collection of data – the operations that can be performed on the collection It’s abstract because it doesn’t specify how the ADT will be implemented. A given ADT can have multiple implementations

6. SWE 4743 6-14 Benefits of using ADTs Code is easier to understand (e.g., it is easier to see "high-level" steps being performed, not obscured by low-level code). Implementations of ADTs can be changed (e.g., for efficiency) without requiring changes to the program that uses the ADTs. ADTs can be reused in future programs.

7. SWE 4743 7-14 Levels of Abstraction in Specifying data

8. SWE 4743 8-14 Preconditions, postconditions, and invariants preconditions, that specify when an operation may be executed; postconditions, that relate the states of the ADT before and after the execution of each operation; and invariants, that specify properties of the ADT that are not changed by the operations.

9. SWE 4743 9-14 Consider an Array ADT What are the pre and post conditions for the following operations? Construct Destroy Retrieve Assign

10. SWE 4743 10-14 Construct Precondition: An uninitialized Array object PostCondition: The array object has been allocated sufficient storage to store its associated data items although no specific values have been stored in the array

11. SWE 4743 11-14 Destroy Precondition: An Array object has been previously allocated PostCondition: All storage allocated for the array object is deallocated

12. SWE 4743 12-14 Retrieve Preconditions: –An Array object has been previously created; – i is a valid index PostCondition: The value associated with the index i in the array object is returned

13. SWE 4743 13-14 Assign Preconditions: –An Array object has been previously created; – i is a valid index –val is a specified value for an array datum PostCondition: The Array object has val associated with index i. val is stored at index i in the array

14. SWE 4743 14-14 Array ADT specifications Description of Elements: the only restriction is that all the elements are of the same data type Relationships between individual components: specified as position determined by index Operations: Specified with a set of pre and post conditions