1. Microarray Data Analysis The Bioinformatics side of the bench

2. The anatomy of your data files from Affymetrix array analysis.DAT= image file (10 7 pixels).CEL= measured cell intensities.CDF= cell descriptions files (identify probe sets and probe set pairs).CHP= calculated probe set data.RPT= report generated from.CHP

3. Quality Control (QC) of the chip – visual inspection Look at the.DAT file or the.CHP file image –Scratches? Spots? –Corners and outside border checkerboard appearance (B2 oligo) Positive hybridization control Used by software to place grid over image –Array name is written out in oligos!

5. Chip defects

6. Internal controls B. subtilis genes (added poly-A tails) –Assessment of quality of sample preparation –Also as hybridization controls Hybridization controls (bioB, bioC, bioD, cre) –E. coli and P1 bacteriophage biotin-labeled cRNAs –Spiked into the hybridization cocktail –Assess hybridization efficiency Actin and GAPDH assess RNA sample/assay quality –Compare signal values from 3’ end to signal values from 5’ end ratio generally should not exceed 3 Percent genes present (%P) –Replicate samples - similar %P values

7. 1.Experimental Design 2.Image Analysis – scan to intensity measures (raw data) 3.Normalization – “clean” data 4.More “low level” analysis-fold change, ANOVA, data filtering 5.Data mining-how to interpret > 6000 measures –Databases –Software –Techniques-clustering, pattern recognition etc. –Comparing to prior studies, across platforms? 6.Validation Microarray Data Process/Outline

8. Experimental Design A good microarray design has 4 elements 1.A clearly defined biological question or hypothesis 2.Treatment, perturbation and observation of biological materials should minimize systematic bias 3.Simple and statistically sound arrangement that minimizes cost and gains maximal information 4.Compliance with MIAME (minimal information about microarray experiment) The goal of statistics is to find signals in a sea of noise The goal of exp. design is to reduce the noise so signals can be found with as small a sample size as possible

9. Observational Study vs. Designed Experiment Observational study- –Investigator is a passive observer who measures variables of interest, but does not attempt to influence the responses Designed Experiment- –Investigator intervenes in natural course of events What type is our DMSO exp?

10. Experimental Replicates Why? –In any exp. system there is a certain amount of noise—so even 2 identical processes yield slightly different results –Sources? –In order to understand how much variation there is it is necessary to repeat an exp a # of independent times –Replicates allow us to use statistical tests to ascertain if the differences we see are real

12. Technical vs. Biological Replicates As we progress from the starting material to the scanned image we are moving from a system dominated by biological effects through one dominated by chemistry and physics noise Within Affy platform the dominant variation is usually of a biological nature thus best strategy is to produce replicates as high up the experimental tree as possible

13. Low level data analysis / pre-processing Varying biological or cellular composition among sample types. Differences in sample preparation, labeling or hybridization Non specific cross- hybridization of target to probes. Lead to systemic differences between individual arrays Raw Data Quality Control Scaling Normalization and filtering.

14. Image Analysis - Raw Data

15. From probe level signals to gene abundance estimates The job of the expression summary algorithm is to take a set of Perfect Match (PM) and Mis- Match (MM) probes, and use these to generate a single value representing the estimated amount of transcript in solution, as measured by that probeset. To do this,.DAT files containing array images are first processed to produce a.CEL file, which contains measured intensities for each probe on the array.array images It is the.CEL files that are analyzed by the expression calling algorithm.

16. MAS 5.0 output files For each transcript (gene) on the chip: –signal intensity –a “present” or “absent” call (presence call) –p-value (significance value) for making that call Each gene associated with GenBank accession number (NCBI database)

17. How are transcripts determined to be present or absent? Probe pair (PM vs. MM) intensities –generate a detection p-value assign “Present”, “Absent”, or “Marginal” call for transcript Every probe pair in a probe SET has a potential “vote” for presence call

18. PM and MM Probes The purpose of each MM probe is to provide a direct measure of background and stray-signal (perhaps due to cross-hybridization) for its perfect-match partner. In most situations the signal from each probe-pair is simply the difference PM - MM. For some probe-pairs, however, the MM signal is greater than the PM value; we have an apparently impossible measure of background.

19. Thank goodness for software!!! MAS 5.0 does these calculations for you –.CHP file Basic analysis in MAS 5.0, but it won’t handle replicates Import MAS 5.0 (.CHP) data into other software, Genesifter, GCOS, SpotFire, and many others

20. Signal Intensity Following these calculations, the MAS 5.0 algorithm now has a measure of the signal for each probe in a probeset. Other algortihms, ex RMA, GCRMA, dCHIP, PLIER and others have been developed by academic teams to improve the precision and accuracy of this calculation In our Exp we will use RMA and GCRMA

21. How do we want to analyze this data? Pairwise analysis is most appropriate –Control vs. DMSO List of genes that are “upregulated” or “downregulated” Determine fold up or down cutoffs –What is significant? 1.5 fold up/down? 2 fold up/down? 10 fold up/down?

22. Normalization - “clean” data “Normalizing” data allows comparisons ACROSS different chips –Intensity of fluorescent markers might be different from one batch to the other –Normalization allows us to compare those chips without altering the interpretation of changes in GENE EXPRESSION

23. Why Normalize Data? The experimental goal is to identify biological variation (expression changes between samples) Technical variation can hide the real data Unavoidable systematic bias should be recognized and corrected Normalization is necessary to effectively make comparisons between chips-and sometimes within a single chip. There are different methods of normalization the assumptions of where variation exist will determine the normalization techniques used. Always look at data before and after normalization Spike in controls can help show which method may be best

24. Caveat… There is NO standard way to analyze microarray data Still figuring out how to get the “best” answers from microarray experiments Best to combine knowledge of biology, statistics, and computers to get answers

25. MAS 5.0GCRMA RMA GCRMAMAS 5.0 Venn Diagrams

26. Data processing is completed now what? Fold change, ANOVA, Data filtering

35. Where are we now? Ran analysis, output is a GENE LIST –List indicates what genes are up or down regulated –p values for t-test –Graphs of signal levels Absolute numbers not as important here as the trends you see –Now what????

36. What is the first set of genes on our chips that will be “filtered” out?

37. Follow the links Click on a gene Find links to other databases Follow links to discover what the protein does Now the fun part begins….

38. Back to Biology Do the changes you see in gene expression make sense BIOLOGICALLY? If they don’t make sense, can you hypothesize as to why those genes might be changing? Leads to many, many more experiments

39. A Common Language for Annotation of Genes from Yeast, Flies and Mice The Gene Ontologies …and Plants and Worms …and Humans …and anything else!

40. Gene Ontology Objectives GO represents concepts used to classify specific parts of our biological knowledge: –Biological Process –Molecular Function –Cellular Component GO develops a common language applicable to any organism GO terms can be used to annotate gene products from any species, allowing comparison of information across species

41. Sriniga Srinivasan, Chief Ontologist, Yahoo! The ontology. Dividing human knowledge into a clean set of categories is a lot like trying to figure out where to find that suspenseful black comedy at your corner video store. Questions inevitably come up, like are Movies part of Art or Entertainment? (Yahoo! lists them under the latter.) -Wired Magazine, May 1996

42. Molecular Function = elemental activity/task –the tasks performed by individual gene products; examples are carbohydrate binding and ATPase activity Biological Process = biological goal or objective –broad biological goals, such as mitosis or purine metabolism, that are accomplished by ordered assemblies of molecular functions Cellular Component = location or complex –subcellular structures, locations, and macromolecular complexes; examples include nucleus, telomere, and RNA polymerase II holoenzyme The 3 Gene Ontologies

43. Function (what) Process (why) Drive nail (into wood) Carpentry Drive stake (into soil) Gardening Smash roach Pest Control Clown’s juggling object Entertainment Example: Gene Product = hammer

44. Biological Examples Molecular Function Biological ProcessCellular Component

45. Validation Not enough to just do microarrays Usually “validate” microarray results via some other technique –rt-PCR –TaqMan –Northern analysis –Protein level analysis No technique is perfect…

46. Yeast Genome and Data Mining

47. Dynamic Nature of Yeast Genome eORF= essential kORF= known hORF= homology identified shORF= short tORF= transposon identified qORF= questionable dORF= disabled First published sequence claimed 6274 genes– a # that has been revised many times, why?

48. The Affy detection oligonucleotide sequences are frozen at the time of synthesis, how does this impact downstream data analysis? 6603 4373 1410 820

49. term: MAPKKK cascade (mating sensu Saccharomyces) goid: GO:0007244 definition: MAPKKK cascade involved in transduction of mating pheromone signal, as described in Saccharomyces definition_reference: PMID:9561267 Terms, Definitions, IDs

50. SGD

53. SGD public microarray data sets available for public query

54. Homework 1.Go to http://www.yeastgenome.org/ and find 3 candidate genes of known f(x) and one of undefined f(x) that you might predict to be altered by DMSO treatmenthttp://www.yeastgenome.org/ 2.What GO biological processes and molecular mechanisms are associated with your candidate genes? 3.Where, subcellularly does the protein reside in the cell? 4.What other proteins are known or inferred to interact with yours? How was this interaction determined? Is this a genetic or physical interaction? 5.Find the expression of at least one of your known genes in another public ally deposited microarray data set? 1.Name of data set and how you found it? 2.What is the largest Fold change observed for this gene in the public study? 6.Now that you are microarray technology experts can you give me 3 reasons why the observed transcript level difference may not be confirmed through a second technology like RTQPCR?

55. Suggested Reading