1. By Dr. Sana Fatima Instructor, Biochemistry Department.

2. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body Human body contain about 1-1.5 kg of calcium

4. 99% present in bone and teeth 1% in soft tissue and extracellular fluid Plasma calcium : 9-11mg/100ml

5. Formation of bone and teeth Nerve conduction Muscle contraction Activation of enzymes Blood coagulation Secretion of hormones As a second messenger Action on myocardium

6. Hypoalbuminemia. Hypoalbuminemia is a medical condition where levels of albumin in blood serum are abnormally low. Many hormones,molecules are mostly bound to albumin in the bloodstream and must be released before becoming biologically active. Ca is bound to albumin. So, hypoalbuminemia leads to increased calcium.

7. 3 Organs Gut Bone Kidney 3 Hormones Calcitriol PTH Calcitonin

8. PTH,Calcitonin PTH : It is secreted by the parathyroid gland. Calcitonin :It is secreted by the thyroid gland.

10. Hypocalcemia Hypercalcemia

11. Hypocalcemia. It is defined as presence of low serum calcium levels in the blood. Causes : Hypoparathyroidism : Absent active Vitamin D : Renal failure.

12. Symptoms -Tetany :characterised by numbness and paraes -thesia,tingling of hands,feet and spasm of hand and feet. -Fatigue -Anxiety. -Severe hypocalcemia can cause seizures.

13. Hypercalcemia It is defined as presence of high serum calcium levels in the blood. Causes : -Hyperparathyroidism

14. SYMPTOMS -Renal : renal stones – because of precipitation of calcium ions in the kidney. -Abdomen : pain,nausea,vomitting -Bone pain. -Depression.

16. Formation of bone and teeth Production of high energy compounds DNA and RNA synthesis Synthesis of coenzymes

17. Human body contain about 840gm of phosphorus 80% present in bone and teeth 20% in other tissue Plasma phosphorus : 3 – 4mg/100ml

18. 3 -4mg/dl ADULT

19. 3 HORMONES

20. 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 Increases absorption from intestine Increases the mobilization from bone Increases the renal reabsorption Increases plasma phosphorus

21. PTH Decreases the renal reabsorption Decreases plasma phosphorus

22. Calcitonin Inhibits bone resorption Decreases the renal reabsorption Decreases plasma phosphorus

23. Hypophosphatemia Hyperphosphatemia

24. Hypophosphetemia Cause : - Alcoholism

25. Hyperphosphotemia Causes : -Hypoparathyrodism.