1. Water Pollution
Ch. 20

2. APES Put name on water, put on side lab bench (by other water)
Get out GHG & Ozone Graphs of Tables 1 & 2.

3. How to Collect Water Samples

4. What is Water Pollution?
Change in water quality that can harm organisms or make water unfit for human uses
Contamination with chemicals
Excessive heat

5. Sources of Water Pollution
Point Source
Nonpoint Source
Located at specific places
Easy to identify, monitor & regulate
- drain pipes
- factories
- sewage treatment
- underground mines
- oil tankers
Broad, diffuse areas
Difficult to identify & control
Expensive to clean up
Runoff
Croplands
Urban streets
Feedlots
Parking Lots

6. Point Source of Polluted Water in Gargas, France
Figure 20.3: This point-source water pollution flows uncontrolled into a stream near Gargas, France.
Fig. 20-3, p. 530

7. Nonpoint Sediment from Unprotected Farmland Flows into Streams
Figure 20.4: Nonpoint sediment pollution eroded from farmland flows into streams and sometimes changes their courses or dams them up. As measured by weight, it is the largest source of water pollution. Question: What do you think the owner of this farm could have done to prevent such sediment pollution?
Fig. 20-4, p. 530

8. Point & Nonpoint Sources
Urban streets
Suburban development
Wastewater treatment plant
Rural homes
Cropland
Factory
Animal feedlot
POINT SOURCES

9. Major Types of Pollutants
Sewage
Disease Agents
Sediment
Inorganic Plant & Algal Nutrients
Organic Compounds
Inorganic Compounds
Radioactives
Thermal Pollution
Review Table 20.1!!

10. Major Types of Pollutants

11. Major Types of Pollutants

12. Major Types of Pollutants
Turbidity: cloudiness or haziness of a fluid caused by suspended particles

13. Major Types of Pollutants

14. Major Types of Pollutants

15. Major Types of Pollutants

16. Major Types of Pollutants

17. Major Types of Pollutants

18. Common Diseases Transmitted Through Contaminated Drinking Water
Type of Organism
Disease
Effects
Bacteria
Typhoid fever
Diarrhea, Severe Vomiting, Enlarged, Spleen, Fatal if untreated
Cholera
Diarrhea, severe vomiting, fatal if left untreated
Bacterial Dysentery
Diarrhea, bleeding, rarely fatal except in infants
Enteritis
Severe Stomach Pain, nausea, vomiting, rarely fatal
Viruses
Infectious hepatitis
Fever, severe headache, loss of appetite, abdominal pain, jaundice, enlarged liver, rarely fatal, but cause liver damage
Parasitic Protozoa
Amoebic Dysentery
Severe diarrhea, headache, abdominal pain, chills, fever, if not treated can cause liver abscess, bowel perforation, & death
Giardiasis
Diarrhea, abdominal cramps, flatulence, belching fatigue
Parasitic Worms
Shistosomiasis
Abdominal pain, skin rash, anemia, chronic fatigue, chronic general ill health.

19. Leading Causes of Water Pollution
Agriculture activities
Sediment eroded from the lands
Fertilizers and pesticides
Bacteria from livestock and food processing wastes
Industrial facilities
Mining

20. Effects of YUCK water The World Health Organization (WHO)
1.6 million people die every year, mostly under the age of 5
Diarrhea

21. How do we measure water quality?
Using DO + BOD measurements
Using Coliform bacteria: Escherichia Coli tests
Using Chemical Analysis
Presence/Absence and concentration
Using Indicator Species
Macroinvertebrates
Using Physical Analysis
Turbidity – cloudiness
Temperature
Biochemical Oxygen demand : amt of oxygen taken up by microorgs that decompose organic waste matter in water. It is used to measure amts of pollutant. High BOD indicates large # of microorgs = high level pollution

22. What is Dissolved Oxygen?
Amount of oxygen measured in water
Measured in milligrams per Liter (mg/L) OR parts per million (ppm)
mg/L = ppm

23. How do we measure water quality?
Measuring the level of Dissolved Oxygen (DO)

24. Dissolved Oxygen (DO) & Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)
Dissolved Oxygen – Amount of oxygen dissolved in solution
BOD- rate at which organisms use up oxygen in water
The rate of oxygen consumption in a stream is affected by: temp., pH, microorganisms, type of organic/inorganic material in water
BOD directly affects the amount of dissolved oxygen in rivers/streams. The greater the BOD, the more rapidly oxygen is depleted in the stream. Consequences of high BOD = low dissolved organisms

25. Faster colder water = more DO
Factors affect temp of stream:
Time of day (morning vs. evening)
Seasons or Time of year
Quantity and Velocity of stream flow
Human Activities (Thermal Pollution from industry)

26. Pollution of Streams
Curve obtained when the concentration of DO in a river into which sewage or some other pollutant has been discharged is plotted against the distance downstream from the sewage outlet.
Oxygen sag curve – occurs when bacteria break down biodegradable wastes
Presence of sewage reduces oxygen content of water and increases biochemical oxygen demand. BC saprotrophic orgs that decompose organic matter in the sewage use up the oxygen.
Successful water clean up – US – Cuyahoga River, Thames River Great Britain
Stream pollution developed vs. less developed countries

27. Point source
Normal clean water organisms (Trout, perch, bass, mayfly, stonefly)
Pollution- tolerant fishes (carp, gar)
Fish absent, fungi, sludge worms,
bacteria (anaerobic)
Pollution- tolerant fishes (carp, gar)
Normal clean water organisms (Trout, perch, bass, mayfly, stonefly)
8 ppm
Types of organisms
Dissolved oxygen (ppm)
8 ppm
Figure 20.7: Natural capital.
A stream can dilute and decay degradable, oxygen-demanding wastes, and it can also dilute heated water. This figure shows the oxygen sag curve (blue) and the curve of oxygen demand (red). Depending on flow rates and the amount of biodegradable pollutants, streams recover from oxygen-demanding wastes and from the injection of heated water if they are given enough time and are not overloaded (Concept 20-2a). See an animation based on this figure at CengageNOW™. Question: What would be the effect of putting another discharge pipe emitting biodegradable waste to the right of the one in this picture?
Biochemical oxygen demand
Clean Zone
Recovery Zone
Septic Zone
Decomposition Zone
Clean Zone
Fig. 20-7, p. 534

28. Why does dissolved oxygen decrease as biological oxygen demand increases?
Dissolved oxygen decreases when organic pollutants enter the water because bacteria uses the oxygen for decomposition.

29. How do we measure water quality?
Presence or Absence of Harmful Pollutants
Concentration of Harmful Pollutants
Drinking water
0 colonies per 100 ml
Swimming water
200 colonies per 100 ml
HUMAN CONSUMPTION
RECREATION
Fecal Coliform Test

30. How do we measure water quality?
Chemical analysis
Presence/Absence
Concentration
Tests pH
Alkalinity
Carbon Dioxide
Hardness (concentrations of Ca & Mg)
Nitrates
Silicates
Phosphates
Conductivity – (Cl, N, S, P, NA, etc.)

31. How do we measure water quality?
Indicator Species
Macro invertebrates
Stonefly larvae

32. How do we measure water quality?
Physical Analysis
Turbidity
Cloudiness – generally caused by phytoplankton
Higher turbidity = higher risk of disease
Temperature
Affects other parameters DO
types of plants/animals

33. APES Turn in GHG & Ozone graphs and analysis
Get out Ch. 20 Water Pollution Notes

34. Pollution of Lakes Less effective at diluting pollutants
Stratified layers
Little to no flow
More vulnerable

35. Pollution of Lakes Slow Turnover Thermal Stratification
Flushing & changing of water temp.
Thermal Stratification
Little vertical mixing
Biological Magnification
Increase in the concentration of chemicals in organisms at successively higher trophic levels of a food chain
Eutrophication
Natural nutrient enrichment of lakes
Lakes less effective at diluting pollutants

36. Biomagnification Water 0.000002 ppm Phytoplankton 0.0025 ppm
Herring gull
124 ppm
Phytoplankton
ppm
Herring gull eggs
124 ppm
Zooplankton
0.123 ppm
Lake trout
4.83 ppm
Rainbow smelt
1.04 ppm

37. Cultural Eutrophication: Too Much of a Good Thing*
Caused by runoff of plant nutrients - nitrates - phosphates

39. Eutrophic Lake Environmental Problems
excess nutrients enter water system
increases photosynthetic productivity
numbers of algae and cyanobacteria increase
water become cloudy (turbid) from population increase
populations die off and sink to bottom
become food for decomposers
decomposers  BOD but DO in waters
fish die off
other species take root in nutrient rich sediments and begin to fill in waters
Nutrient levels are increased from sewage or agricultural runoff

40. Eutrophic Lakes Prevention Clean Up Remove nitrates & phosphates
Diversion of water
Clean Up
Remove excess weeds
Use herbicides & algaecides (downside? )
Pump in air

41. Oligotrophic Lake Low Nutrients Clear Water
Small pop. of aquatic orgs.

42. Reducing Surface Water Pollution
Nonpoint Source
Point Sources
Reduce Runoff
Buffer Zone Vegetation
Reduce Soil Erosion
Clean Water Act
Water Quality Act

43. Groundwater Pollution

44. Groundwater Pollution
It can take hundreds to thousands of years for contaminated groundwater to cleanse itself of degradable wastes.
Nondegradable wastes (toxic lead, arsenic, fluoride) are there permanently.
Slowly degradable wastes (DDT) are there for decades.

45. Groundwater Pollution
Source of drinking water
Common pollutants
Fertilizers & Pesticides
Gasoline
Organic Solvents
Pollutants dispersed in a widening plume
Pollutants fill porous rock, sand, bedrock, like water saturates a sponge

46. Contaminant plume moves with the groundwater
Leaking
tank
Aquifer
Water
table
Bedrock
Figure 21.8
Natural capital degradation: groundwater contamination from a leaking gasoline tank. As the contaminated water spreads from its source in a widening plume, it can be extracted by wells used to provide water for drinking and irrigation.
Groundwater
flow
Free gasoline
dissolves in
groundwater
(dissolved
phase)
Gasoline
leakage plume
(liquid phase)
Migrating
vapor phase
Water well
Contaminant plume moves
with the groundwater
Fig. 21-8, p. 502

47. Groundwater Cannot Cleanse Itself Very Well
Slow Flow: Contaminants not diluted
Less Dissolved Oxygen
Fewer decomposing bacteria
Low Temps.

48. Groundwater Pollution Sources Leakage from faulty casing
Polluted air
Hazardous waste
injection well
Pesticides
and fertilizers
Coal strip mine runoff
Deicing road salt
Buried gasoline and solvent tanks
Cesspool, septic
tank
Pumping well
Gasoline station
Water pumping well
Waste lagoon
Sewer
Landfill
Accidental spills
Leakage from faulty casing
Figure 20.13: Natural capital degradation.
These are the principal sources of groundwater contamination in the United States (Concept 20-3a). Another source in coastal areas is saltwater intrusion from excessive groundwater withdrawal. (Figure is not drawn to scale.) Question: What are three sources shown in this picture that might be affecting groundwater in your area?
Discharge
Freshwater aquifer
Freshwater aquifer
Freshwater aquifer
Groundwater flow
Fig , p. 540

49. Pollution Prevention = Only Effective Way to Protect Groundwater!
Cleanup = expensive & time consuming

50. Groundwater Pollution PREVENTION
Monitoring aquifers
Leak detection systems
Use toxic chemical substitutes
Strict regulation – hazardous waste disposal
Storing hazardous wastes materials above ground

51. Water Pollution & Oceans
2006: State of the Marine Environment
80% of marine pollution originates on land
Sewage
Coastal areas most affected
Deeper ocean waters
Dilution
Dispersion
Degradation
State of Marine by UN Envioronment Programme UNEP
Coastline of less developed countries a lot of municipal sewage
Maybe safer to dump sewage in middle of ocean

52. Industry
Nitrogen oxides
from autos and smokestacks, toxic chemicals, and heavy metals in effluents flow into bays and estuaries.
Cities
Toxic metals and oil from streets and parking lots pollute waters; sewage adds nitrogen and phosphorus.
Urban sprawl
Bacteria and viruses from sewers and septic tanks contaminate shellfish beds and close beaches; runoff of fertilizer from lawns adds nitrogen and phosphorus.
Construction sites Sediments are washed into waterways, choking fish and plants, clouding waters, and blocking sunlight.
Farms Runoff of pesticides, manure, and fertilizers adds toxins and excess nitrogen and phosphorus.
Red tides Excess nitrogen causes explosive growth of toxic microscopic
algae, poisoning fish
and marine mammals.
Closed
shellfish beds
Closed beach
Oxygen-depleted zone
Figure 20.16: Natural capital degradation.
Residential areas, factories, and farms all contribute to the pollution of coastal waters. According to the UN Environment Programme, coastal water pollution costs the world more than $30,000 a minute, primarily for health problems and premature deaths. Questions: What do you think are the three worst pollution problems shown here? For each one, how does it affect two or more of the ecological and economic services listed in Figure 8-5 (p. 172)?
Toxic sediments
Chemicals and toxic metals contaminate shellfish beds, kill spawning fish, and accumulate in the tissues of bottom feeders.
Oxygen-depleted zone
Sedimentation and algae overgrowth reduce sunlight, kill beneficial sea grasses,
use up oxygen, and degrade habitat.
Healthy zone
Clear, oxygen-rich waters promote growth of plankton and sea grasses, and support fish.
Fig , p. 545

53. Water Pollution & Oceans
Cruise line pollution: what is being dumped?
U.S. coastal waters
Raw sewage
Sewage and agricultural runoff: NO3- and PO43-
Harmful algal blooms
Oxygen-depleted zones
Huge mass of plastic in North Pacific Ocean
Oxygen depleted zones due to algal blooms – incorrectly called deadzones – lots of bacteria!
Oxygen depleted zones caused by nitrates and phosphates from agricultural runoff
Great Pacific Garbage Patch

54. Great Pacific Garbage Patch
Loose free floating dump 2X size of texas

55. Rubber Duckies Lost at Sea
1992 Shipping container lost 28,000 duckies at sea (and turtles and frogs).
Duckies still washing ashore today

56. Where have the duckies traveled?

57. Ocean Pollution From Oil
1989: Exxon Valdez, oil tanker
Rleased 41 million liters (11 mill. gallons)
Alaska’s Prince William Sound
2010: BP explosion in the Gulf of Mexico
Sank rig
11 crewmembers killed
Court battle over paying damages. 20 yrs later exxon says no ecological damages – Exxon Valdez oil spill trustee council says still affects
2010 deep water horizon drilling platform
Contaminated ecologically vital ecosystems

58. Deepwater Horizon Blowout in the Gulf of Mexico, April 20, 2010
Figure 20.18: On April 20, 2010 oil and natural gas escaping from an oil-well borehole ignited and caused an explosion on the British Petroleum (BP) Deepwater Horizon drilling platform in the Gulf of Mexico. The accident sank the rig and killed 11 of its crewmembers. The ruptured wellhead released massive amounts of crude oil that contaminated ecologically vital coastal marshes (Figure 8-8, p. 174), mangroves (Figure 8-10, p. 175), sea-grass beds (Figure 8-9, p. 174) and deep ocean aquatic life. It also disrupted the livelihoods of people depending on the gulf’s coastal fisheries and caused large economic losses for the gulf’s tourism business. This disaster was caused by a combination of equipment failure, human error, failure by BP to prepare for a major oil release, and inadequate government regulation of oil drilling in the Gulf of Mexico.
Fig , p. 547

59. How do we purify water? Reservoir & purification plant
Process sewer water to drinking water
Expose clear plastic containers to sunlight (UV)
The lifestraw
PUR: Chlorine & iron sulfate powder
Sewer -> drinking = EXPENSIVE
User empties packet of PUR into large container of dirty water, stirs and lets sit for 20 minutes. Pour through clean cloth = ready to drink

60. Laws & Water Quality 1974: U.S. Safe Drinking Water Act
Amended 1986 & 1996
1996 amendment required discoloser to citizens of contaminated water
Sets max. contamination levels for any pollutants that affect human health
EPA determined MCLs (Maximum Contaminant Levels)
Health Scientists: STRENGTHEN law
Water-polluting Companies: WEAKEN law

61. Laws & Water Quality 1977 Clean Water Act Amended 1981 & 1987
Formerly – Water Pollution Control Act (1972)
Two Main Goals
eliminate discharge of pollutants
attain water quality for safe fishing and swimming

62. Laws & Water Quality 1977 Clean Water Act
CWA effective at improving water quality at point sources
Point source discharges must obtain NPDES permits
(National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System) to release untreated wastewater into waterways
Nonpoint Source discharges very difficult to control
1987 NPDES permit needed for nonpoint source discharges
CWA not as effective at monitoring these discharges due to lack of cooperation/coordination between govt, citizens, and industry

63. Discharge Trading Policy
Experiment – permits for water pollution

64. Laws & Water Quality
Easier to control/regulate point source pollution rather than nonpoint source.
Govts regulate either by imposing penalty on polluter OR by taxing polluters for cleanup costs.

65. 2 million plastic bottles, dumped every 5 minutes.
Is Bottled Water the Answer?
2 million plastic bottles, dumped every 5 minutes.

66. Is Bottled Water the Answer?
Some bottled water is not as pure as tap water and costs much more.
1.4 million metric tons of plastic bottles are thrown away.
Fossil fuels are used to make plastic bottles.
The oil used to produce plastic bottles in the U.S. each year would fuel 100,000 cars.