1. Android Overview Android (Google) is a widely anticipated open source operating system for mobile devices, Supporting Bluetooth ( wireless for short distance) Wi-Fi (wireless for 150 feet indoors, 300 ft outdoors) 3G(200 kbits/sec ) and 4G ( 100 Mbit -1Gbit/sec) Android software stack –Android Linux operating system –Middleware(Dalvik Runtime Optimized Java virtual machineVM, Java API) and Library(Phone, contact, GPS map, SQLite, OpenGL.)

2. Android Architecture

3. Linux kernel Layer Android relies on Linux kernel Supplies management of security, memory process, network, and drivers Acts as an abstraction layer between the hardware and the rest of the Android software stack

4. Library Layer System C libraries and function Libraries, supporting multimedia, web browser, SQLite... Native Services to hardware Android runtime Dalvik Virtual Machine –Executes files in the Dalvik Executable (.dex) format Java core Libraries –Provides most of the functionality of the Java programming language. Java core libraries rely on the Dalvik VM and the underlying Linux kernel Every Android application runs in its own process, with its own instance of the Dalvik virtual machine

5. Application Framework Layer Simplify the reuse of components –Applications can publish their capabilities and any other application may then make use of those capabilities Applications is a set of services –Views system, content providers, resources managers such as Activity Manager, manages the lifecycle of applications and provides a common navigation backstack Notification Manager, enables all applications to display custom alerts in the status bar Resource Manager, providing access to non-code resources such as localized strings, graphics, and layout files Views, used to build an application, including lists, grids, text boxes, buttons, and even an embeddable web browser

6. Applications Layer A set of core applications shipped with Android platform –an email client, SMS program, calendar, maps, browser, contacts, and others All written in Java User applications are also here

7. Features of Android Popularity (High market share) AWAT Enabled SMS Enabled GPS Cameras & microphones Open source apps Development with Java Linux based Short learning curve with IDE Java Eclipse IDE for Android app development Easy deployment to mobile device Easy to distribute apps via Android Market Share app, Sell app, Download & reuse open source apps

8. Cont. Hot job market –Market for mobile software surges from $4.1 billion in 2009 to $17.5 billion by 2012 –2010 Dice.com survey: 60% for Android –Dice.com: mobile app developers made $85,000 in 2010 and salaries expected to rise2

9. Limitations screen size battery life time processor capacity Slow network access and Web browser Input: soft keyboard, phone keypad, touch screen, or stylus Security

10. Android App software components –Activity –Service –Broadcast Receiver –Intent –Content Provider Android App Development Tutorial: http://www.slideserve.com/lyndon/android-development-tutorial

11. Activity Activities provide a user interface for one specific task, Basic component of most applications Most applications have several activities that start each other as needed Each is implemented as a subclass of the base Activity class

12. Service Services execute background processing, no visual interface Ex: Downloads, Playing Music, TCP/UDP Server You can bind to an existing service, control its operation, and run in background Play music, alarm clock, etc. Secured if using permissions Callers may need to verify that service is the correct one

13. Content provider Content providers are data storage facilities which supports data exchange between applications Make data available to other applications Transfer data between applications in Android Other applications use a ContentResolver object to access the data provided via a ContentProvider

14. ContentProviders Generally SQL backend Used to share content between apps Access controlled through permission tags Apps can be dynamically authorized access control –Possible security hole Must protect against SQL injection –verify input using parameterization

15. Broadcast receivers Broadcast receivers act as mailboxes for messages from other applications. It receives and reacts to broadcast announcements If an app registered the receiver in adv., the event will notify and call back the registered software Ex: Low battery, power connected, shutdown, timezone changed, etc.

16. Broadcast receivers Act as receivers for multiple components Provide secure IPC Done by specifying permissions on BroadcastReceiver regarding sender Otherwise, behave like activities in terms of IPC –Can’t define permission Don’t send sensitive data

17. Component life cycle Activities –Can terminate itself via finish(); –Can terminate other activities it started via finishActivity(); Services –Can terminate via stopSelf(); or Context.stopService(); Content Providers –Are only active when responding to ContentResolvers Broadcast Receivers –Are only active when responding to broadcasts

18. Intent –Intent is a goal action component which takes care of the process of inter-components communication (ICC) –Intent is simply a message object containing a destination component address and data –Protection –Each application executes as its own user identity, such that OS provides system-level isolation; –Android middleware contains a reference monitor that mediates the inter-component communication (ICC).

19. Intent(cont.) Intent action: –Start an Activity –Broadcast events or changes –Start, stop, resume. or communicate with background Services –Access data held by ContentProviders –Call back to handle events –Carry data with Extras (key, value)

20. Android component activation An intent is an object which can have a message content and start Activities, services and broadcast receivers - ContentProvider is started by ContentResolvers –An activity is started by Context.startActivity(Intent intent) or Activity.startActivityForResult(Intent intent, int RequestCode) –A service is started by Context.startService(Intent service) –An application can initiate a broadcast by using an Intent in any of Context.sendBroadcast(Intent intent), Context.sendOrderedBroadcast(), and Context.sendStickyBroadcast()

21. Intent Filters Used to determine recipient of Intent Specify the main entrance for activities A user interface consists of a series of Activities Each Activity is a “screen”. Intent may leave a security flaw (hole) –Solution: Intents explicitly define receiver

22. System level protection for Android app Each app runs as a unique user identity such that Android can limit the potential damage of programming flaws. Each app runs in own VM sandbox using unique UID Each app requests a simple permission label assignment model to restrict access to resources and other applications if necessary Ex. of permission: Internet, camera, GPS Permission specifies an access policy to protect its resources.

23. Android Permissions All permission of Android’s policy are set at install time and can’t change until the application is reinstalled. Android’s permission only restricts access to components and doesn’t currently provide information flow guarantees. A permission is listed in app’s manifest definition XML file. If a public component doesn’t explicitly declare any access permission, Android permits any application to access it. Component A’s ability to access components B and C is determined by comparing the access permission labels on B and C to the collection of permission labels assigned to application A.

24. Android App Signature All Android applications must be signed, but are usually self-signed Why self signing? –Market ties identity to developer account –No CA in Google, Google does not have central control over the app’s signature certificates –No applications are trusted. No "magic key" What does signing determine? –Author-update –In signature schemes, the private key is used to sign a app or message; anyone can check the signature using the public key.sign

25. Permissions Levels User can assign permissions to applications at - normal –dangerous –signature –signatureOrSystem http://developer.android.com/guide/developi ng/building/index.html#detailed-build

26. Reference 1.http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/oct2010/tc201 01020_639668.htmhttp://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/oct2010/tc201 01020_639668.htm 2. http://it-jobs.fins.com/Articles/SB129606993144879991/Mobile- App-Developers-Wanted-at-Ad-Agencies http://it-jobs.fins.com/Articles/SB129606993144879991/Mobile- App-Developers-Wanted-at-Ad-Agencies 3.http://www.gartner.com/it/page.jsp?id=1466313http://www.gartner.com/it/page.jsp?id=1466313 4.http://developer.android.com/guide/developing/index.html 5.Android Overview, http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd =7&ved=0CEcQFjAG&url=http%3A%2F%2Fai.arizona.edu%2Fmis5 10%2Fslides%2FAndroid%2520Overview.ppt&ei=4HBXUNPvMuPe 0QGm3oCYCg&usg=AFQjCNE2Li9vyh34rECKYDuOjKjI5pjyzw&sig 2=E-wfIL1bPNJacCi6ZaAWCA http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd =7&ved=0CEcQFjAG&url=http%3A%2F%2Fai.arizona.edu%2Fmis5 10%2Fslides%2FAndroid%2520Overview.ppt&ei=4HBXUNPvMuPe 0QGm3oCYCg&usg=AFQjCNE2Li9vyh34rECKYDuOjKjI5pjyzw&sig 2=E-wfIL1bPNJacCi6ZaAWCA 6. Mobile Application Security on Android, Originally presented by Jesse Burns at Black Hat 2009