2. By Jessica Nienberg The Interior of the Earth

3. The Interior of the Earth *Grade 8 *Earth Science *ODE Standards/ Content Statement: “The composition and properties of Earth’s interior are identified by the behavior of seismic waves.” *Students will collaborate with one another in groups of 3 to create a presentation describing the contents of the Earth’s interior, how these findings were discovered, and how the interior effects the exterior.

4. MAIN MENU Seismic Waves Seismic Waves -Seismic Reflection -Seismic Reflection-Seismic Reflection-Seismic Reflection -Seismic Refraction -Seismic Refraction-Seismic Refraction-Seismic Refraction -Seismograph and Seismogram -Seismograph and Seismogram-Seismograph and Seismogram-Seismograph and Seismogram Earth’s Layers Earth’s Layers -The Continental Crust -The Continental Crust -The Oceanic Crust -The Oceanic Crust-The Oceanic Crust-The Oceanic Crust -The Mantle -The Mantle-The Mantle-The Mantle -The Outer Core -The Outer Core-The Outer Core-The Outer Core -The Inner Core -The Inner Core Plate Tectonics Plate Tectonics -Earthquakes -Earthquakes-Earthquakes -Volcanoes -Volcanoes -Mountains -Mountains Terms Newspaper Project Newspaper Project References

5. Seismic Waves  Earthquake releases seismic waves  Used to obtain information about the interior of the Earth  Body Waves-waves that only travel only through Earth’s interior  Primary (Compressional)  Secondary (Shear)  Surface Waves- travel across exterior

6. Seismic Reflection   A method used to return energy to Earth’s surface after the waves bounce off underlying rock boundary

7. Seismic Refraction  The bending of seismic waves as they pass between different types of materials

8. Seismogram: Recording of each type of wave Seismograph: The instrument that detects seismic waves

9. The Crust The Mantle The Outer Core The Inner Core The 4 Layers of the Earth

10. Continental Crust  The layer of Earth found beneath the continents  Made of less dense rock  Thickness varies  Ranges between 10- 75 kilometers  Older than oceanic crust

11. Oceanic Crust  Found beneath ocean floor  Made of dense rock  4 miles thick  Heavier than continental crust  Causes sinking, which leads to subduction  Occurs when oceanic crust sinks beneath continental crust (shown on right)

12. Mantle  Largest layer of the Earth  1800 miles thick!  Made up of very hot, dense rock  Movement occurs in this layer; materials flow  Convection currents Convection currents Convection currents  Reason for plate movement  Huge temperature differences:  Top is 1600 degrees F  Bottom is 4000 degrees F Asthenosphere- the upper part of the mantle Hot Rock flow

13. Outer Core  Liquid  melted iron and nickel  1400 miles thick  Very HOT: 4000-9000 degrees F.  Responsible for the magnetic field that protects Earth

14. Inner Core  Solid ball of iron and nickel  A lot of pressure causes these elements to be pushed together.  Hot  9000 degrees F  800 miles thick - smallest layer

15. Plate Tectonics  Theory developed in the 1960s  Explains movement of the Earth’s plates in the lithosphere-crust and uppermost mantle  Move 2-10 cm per year  Convergent Boundaries-plate collide  Divergent Boundaries-plates move apart  Transform Boundaries-plates slide past one another

16. Earthquakes  Occur when the tectonic plates move past one another or bump into each other  Energy is stored up along these plates, causing tension  When tension and energy reach climax, the plates snap…EARTHQUAKE  Releases seismic waves

17. Volcanoes  A lot of pressure builds up in the mantle.  This and high temperatures can cause the surrounding rock to melt and turn into magma.  Built up magma travels through rock layers.  Released through the surface as lava  Usually form along tectonic plate boundaries

18. Mountains  Can be formed in a variety of ways:  Tectonic plate crash into one another  When a fault overlaps another rock, pushing up surface.  Magma stored up pushes the crust upward  will eventually erupt

19.  Seismic Waves  Seismic reflection  Seismic refraction  Mantle  Crust  Continental crust  Oceanic crust  Core  Seismogram  Plate tectonics  Convection currents  Faults Terms to Remember

20.  Individual work  Create a full page newspaper article using as many of the terms provided as possible.  Highlight terms.  Show that you understand the terms by what you put in the article  Be creative.  Minimum of two images/diagrams.  Organization  Cite resources on back of paper  Have fun!  DUE DATE: Monday, March 31 Newspaper Article Project

21.  Directions: Click on this link. Read through the different topics about the interior of the earth. This will be good review of this PowerPoint. After doing that, click on the “Questions” tab and answer the four questions. You can either print them out or write them on a sheet of paper and turn them in to me with your newspaper articles. http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/vwdocs/vwlessons/lessons/Earths_lay ers/Earths_layers1.html http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/vwdocs/vwlessons/lessons/Earths_lay ers/Earths_layers1.html Hyperlinked Assignment

22. http://4.bp.blogspot.com/- swfMo5xKvM0/UApFnFaj8YI/AAAAAAAAMQQ/E9W2TK- JM8s/s1600/angkasa.jpg http://www.geologicresources.com/seismic_reflection500x36 8.gif http://quake.abag.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/psdiag.jpg http://chuma.cas.usf.edu/~juster/A2/first%20motion%20seis mogram.gif http://www.classroomatsea.net/general_science/plate_tectoni cs/tectonics_intro.html http://www.classroomatsea.net/general_science/plate_tectoni cs/tectonics_intro.html http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/vwdocs/vwlessons/lessons/E arths_layers/Earths_layers1.html http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/vwdocs/vwlessons/lessons/E arths_layers/Earths_layers1.html http://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/kids/eqscience.php http://www.discoverynews.us/DISCOVERY%20MUSEUM/P rophecy/EARTHQUAKES/china-earthquake.jpg http://www.discoverynews.us/DISCOVERY%20MUSEUM/P rophecy/EARTHQUAKES/china-earthquake.jpg http://www.csun.edu/~jao45194/volcano2.html References

23. http://education.nationalgeographic.com/rcplayer/?/edu/get_art icle_rc_xml/41.xml?ar_a=1 http://education.nationalgeographic.com/education/encycloped ia/crust/?ar_a=1 http://legacy-cdn- assets.answersingenesis.org/assets/images/articles/nab/crust.jpg http://gamediv1.weebly.com/inner-core.html http://uclmagneticfields.weebly.com/uploads/1/4/2/8/14289716/1 355110899.jpg http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2011/05/19/article-1388697- 062A8E24000005DC-834_634x466.jpg http://www.innercorestudios.com/images/InnerCoreLogo.jpg http://fc01.deviantart.net/fs71/f/2013/162/d/c/volcano_diagram_ by_t_jackification-d68lmm1.png http://fc01.deviantart.net/fs71/f/2013/162/d/c/volcano_diagram_ by_t_jackification-d68lmm1.pngReferences