1. Canada’s Economic Identity How Is It Defined? How Has It Changed?

2. History Canada traded primary resources to countries who converted them into semi- manufactured goods or end products Canada often buys back its own resources that have been transformed Industries based on primary resources are capital intensive not labour intensive

3. History (Cont’d) It is economically feasible to trade raw materials that can be extracted by semi- skilled workers using expensive machinery to countries that use cheap, skilled labour to convert the raw materials into finished products

4. Economic Identity Canada’s international trade has shifted Primary resource-based exports have fallen as a proportion of total merchandise exports, from 43% to 18% over the past 32 years Semi-manufactured and end-product exports increased from 57% to 82%

5. Natural Resources Extraction of natural resources from Canadian lands and waters is no longer an unskilled, low-technology task ALL of Canada’s primary resource-based industries are increasingly adopting advanced technology Wage rates are forced higher in order to attract skilled and knowledgeable workers

6. Canada’s Major Industries Primary industries (extractive industries)- take raw materials from nature, process them slightly and sell them to other businesses E.G. Agriculture (wheat farming); Fishing and trapping (fish, furs); Forestry/logging (lumber); Energy/mining (nickel, natural gas) (Figure 1-16, p. 18)

7. Canada’s Major Industries Manufacturing – include both the processing and fabrication sectors E.g. Processing – grinding wheat into crude flour; fabrication - refining and enriching flour to produce the final good Well known goods e.g. Clover Leaf tuna, Alcan foil, Petro-Canada fuels (Figure 1-17, p. 20)

8. Service Industries Do not sell tangible items Fastest growing sectors of service industry is in consulting services Canadian consultants are popular all over the world …e.g. in communication, construction and energy (Figure 1-18, p. 21)