1. Recent developments for the LCLS injector Feng Zhou SLAC Other contributors: Brachmann, Decker, Ding, Emma, Gilevich, Huang, Iverson, Loos, Raubenheimer, Turner et al 5-way meeting at SLAC February 4-6, 2013

2. Recent major LCLS injector developments Fantastic laser cleaning results on cathode (2011) – Greatly improved QE, and recovered emittance within 2 wks Simplified temporal and spatial laser distributions on cathode (2010 & 2012) – Simplified laser systems, and – Significantly reduced laser power required from amplifier, and – Improved emittance New uses of existing collimators (2012 & 2013) – First measured slice emittances at BC1; and plan to generate short x-ray pulse – R&D on emittance reduction (with LANL)

3. LCLS laser cleaning in July 2011: QE evolution (@30⁰ laser phase) Original QE was only 5e-6 before any cleaning process QE was firstly increased by 8-10 times upon the laser cleaning QE was further increased by 3 times in the first 6 months following laser cleaning, and then stays at 1.1e-4 from 6 th month to now, 18 th months following cleaning. QE Gun vacuum Laser cleaning results see PRST-AB, Oct 2012

4. LCLS laser cleaning: emittance evolution Immediately laser cleaning A few weeks later RF conditioning may improve the electron emission profile

5. Simplified LCLS drive laser: temporal distribution LCLS design required a very uniform temporal laser distribution Simulations shows uniform temporal has a slight better emittance than pure Gaussian, but in the measurements we did not see obvious emittance change for 250pC. Mar 2010 No obvious emittance change observed LCLS design (challenging) Current routine operations

6. Simplified LCLS drive laser: spatial distribution LCLS design required a very uniform spatial laser distribution Recent simulations show spatial Gaussian-cut laser profile has a better emittance than uniform: more linear space charge Spatial Gaussian-cut profile has: – Saved laser power required from laser amplifier 2-3 times – Improved emittance 30% LCLS design (challenging) Feb 2012 Current routine operations Detail results see PRST-AB, September 2012

7. Improved emittance with spatial Gaussian-cut laser

8. Can we further simplify LCLS laser? (personal view only) 68MHz oscillator Stretcher 30fs to 150ps Regen Amplifier Pockels cell 4-pass MPA Compressor 150ps to 3ps UV generator UV telescope IR stretcher 3ps to 8 ps Synchronized to Main Drive Linac RF UV transport to cathode IR telescope & transport to laser heater Iris to define laser size on cathode 760nm, 8-10ps, 1mJ 253nm, 3ps, 2mJ 253nm, 3ps, <100uJ 760nm 30fs Develop loadlock for new cathode with only QE>0.5% – Not worry about QE any more Amplifier can be totally removed – System simplifier and more reliable & better stability – Temporal/spatial much cleaner: better for emittance/  BI 4mJ 30mJ

9. Measured slice emittances at BC1 with collimator In Nov/December 2012 we developed a new technique to measure slice emittances at LCLS BCs using existing collimators in the middle of BCs: – Measure slice emittance both x & y planes, and – check slice emittance preservations through BC1/BC2 Chirped beam Linac off-crest Chirped beam length 11mm 0.7mm

10. LCLS slice emittance at BC1 (taken on 12/19/2012) Collimator wakefield effects are negligible (confirmed by Bane) Measured slice x-emittance at BC1 (0.5-0.6  m) is larger than injector <0.4  m. More MDs are coming in next a few wks

11. R&D on emittance reduction using collimator (with LANL) Collimator placed in non-dispersion area: to collimate  beam size 40% emittance reduction is expected with the collimator Collimator wakefield is the major concern 40% emittance reduction

12. BC1 flat collimator: observed wake effect for smaller gaps  x~250um (Aug2)  x~130um (Sep26) Analytical shows circular collimator has much lower wake effect than flat one (K. Bane) Wake simulations for flat and circular are underway (Z. Li & L. Xiao)

13. Summary Laser cleaning on LCLS cathode was very successful. However, to make it as a robust cleaning method for XFEL, we need more cleaning tests in RF gun test facilities. New uses of the traditional collimators: – Slice beam diagnostics, and short x-ray pulse generation – Emittance reduction (design/construct/test low wakefield collimator) Simplified LCLS drive laser systems to have simple temporal & spatial laser distributions; e-beam performance is improved as well: – May further simplify laser system and significantly improve e-beam performances

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15. LCLS Cu cathode history 1 st cathode (2006 - July 2008): original QE was <1e-5, and increased to 3e-5 after cleaning process. 2 nd cathode (July 2008 - May 2011): QE was 5e-5 but decayed to a half in 7-10 days at 120 Hz: – Had to frequently move laser to next spots – Took much tuning time and also not every spot on the cathode can deliver desired small emittance beam 3 rd cathode (May 2011 - present): original QE was <1e-5, which was not sufficient for users’ operations: – Applied laser cleaning – Laser cleaning does work well so far: QE is 2-3 times last cathode and has no decay so far (~18 months).

16. Laser cleanings on LCLS cathode in July 2011 1 st area at 3.5mm X-offset (trial test on 6/15/2011) 2 nd area (A) at cathode center cleaned on 07/04/2011 has been used for routine operations for 18 months (QE~1.1e-4) 3 rd area (B) at 2.5mm Y-offset cleaned on 07/26/2011: QE ~1.3e-4

17. 7 months later following laser cleaning For the laser-cleaned area B not used for routine operations, QE was also increased from 6e-5 to 1.3e-4 following the laser cleaning. But the QE is not changed at the non-laser-cleaned areas 5 of14 QE imaging for half laser in cleaned and the other half in un-cleaned areas

18. 17 months later following laser cleaning 6 of14

19. LCLS thermal emittance LCLS QE is changed by a factor of 2.5 after laser cleaning, but: – Thermal emittance is not changed, and – Corresponding projected emittance at 150/250pC is not changed These contaminations changing QE seem not modify the copper work function. LCLS injector emittance is mostly limited by the copper cathode thermal emittance. Laser cleaning results see PRST-AB, Oct 2012

20. LCLS drive laser 68MHz oscillator Stretcher 30fs to 150ps Regen Amplifier Pockels cell 4-pass MPA Compressor 150ps to 3ps UV generator UV telescope IR stretcher 3ps to 8 ps Synchronized to Main Drive Linac RF UV transport to cathode IR telescope & transport to laser heater Iris to define laser size on cathode 760nm, 8-10ps, 1mJ 253nm, 3ps, 2mJ 253nm, 3ps, <100uJ 760nm ~30fs Need sufficient laser energy on cathode Need proper spatial/temporal distributions on cathode Need reliable/stable laser

21. LCLS laser pulse length: slice emittance (250pC)

22. Full open 255pC 0.46um 0.75mm gap 250pC 0.54um 0.3mm gap 155pC 0.49um 0.2mm gap 105pC 0.34um 0.17mm gap 80pC 0.24um Data taken on 09/26/2012