1. PREPARATION OF BUDGETS A Budget is a detailed plan of action for a future period - expressed in quantitative and monetary terms Budgets are essentially short-term plans which help to achieve the longer term aims of the business

2. BUDGETS Budgets reflect management policy relating to all aspects of the business eg new and existing markets products stockholdings increased use of technology workforce expected price rises etc

3. BUDGETS A Budget shows what the results are likely to be if the plan is put into action, and so: reveals problems that might arise and enables management to prepare in advance to offset these problems

4. Functions of Budgets Planning Co-ordination Control and performance evaluation Participation/Motivation

5. Planning Forward planning forces managers to consider alternative future courses of action, evaluate them properly and decide on the best alternative It also encourages managers to anticipate problems before they arise giving them time to consider alternative ways of overcoming them when they do arrive.

6. Co-ordination Department managers may make decisions about the future which are incompatible or even in conflict with other departments eg Sales may be planning to extend the credit period in order to stimulate sales to a point beyond the bank overdraft arrangements Budgeting helps to avoid such conflicts by encouraging managers to consider how their plans affect other departments and how the plans of other departments affect them This also leads to better communication between departments

7. Control and performance evaluation While budget preparation aids planning, the way budgets are used helps in control and performance evaluation The system of calculating deviations from budget ie variances, after the event fosters cost-consciousness amongst workers and managers and highlights areas of over and under achievement.

8. Participation/Motivation By actively involving managers at all stages of the hierarchy, the process of budgeting brings the different levels closer together The junior members feel that they have a say in the running of the organisation This leads to increased job satisfaction and consequently productivity.

9. Stages in the Preparation of Budgets The long-term objectives of the organisation, and management policies for meeting these, should be established Preparation of the budget is the responsibility of the Cost Accountant or a Budget Committee A Budget Officer may be appointed, responsible for all the day-to-day work involved in the preparation of the subsidiary budgets and for the preparation of the Master Budget

10. TYPES OF BUDGETS Sales Budget Production Budget Cash Budget

11. Sales Budget This allows an analysis of expected sales by quantities and revenues (units and £s) from the entire range of products Management uses this budget as the basis for other subsidiary budgets ie production, selling cost, capital acquisition, stockholding etc This budget helps in early decision making relating to sales policies in different sectors of the market

12. Sales Budget It can also be used to compare actual results with the budget to identify areas for improvement eg checking sales staff performance The Sales Budget provides targets for motivating staff.

13. Production Budget The Production Budget is based on the Sales Budget It shows the production of each product required to meet the Sales Budget and provides a basis for assessing production needs in terms of labour, machine utilisation and materials.

14. Cash Budget This should show opening cash/bank balance and all expected cash/bank inflows including 'spot cash sales', receipts from debtors, other receipts, dividends and sales of fixed assets It should also show expected cash/bank outflows including payments to creditors, purchases of fixed assets and payment of dividends.

15. Cash Budget This budget is used by management to highlight surpluses or shortfalls of cash/bank and when they are likely to occur It allows planning for the use of surpluses or the arranging of cover for shortfalls eg overdraft facilities, long term loans or a share issue As a result of the Cash Budget, other budgets may require to be revised if cash shortages forecast in this budget cannot be resolved

16. CASH BUDGETS It is no use budgeting for production and for sales if sometime during the budget period the firm runs out of cash funds Cash is therefore also budgeted for, so that any shortage of cash can be known in advance and action taken to obtain permission for a loan or a bank overdraft to be available (or for long term needs funds may be made available by an issue of shares or debentures) A Cash Budget will reveal what funds will be needed, how much is needed and when it will be needed

17. Timing of Cash Receipts and Payments When completing the Cash Budget, therefore, we are interested in when the money is received and when it is paid out, not when the goods are sold or purchased For example, raw materials might be bought in March, incorporated in the goods being produced in April, and paid for in May These raw materials will be shown in the Cash Budget under May ie when the goods are paid for.