1. Seeds and Seed Germination © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWSODWS

2. Seed structure

3. Seed maturation Takes place in the fruit on the parent plant Endospermous seeds retain the endosperm tissue, which eventually dies but it is surrounded by a layer of living cells, the aleurone layer.

4. Dormancy Metabolism falls Number of organelles per cell falls Dehydration – water content falls Vacuoles in cells deflate Food reserves become dense crystalline bodies © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWSODWS

5. How do seeds stay ‘dormant’? Physical barriers The seed coat (testa) is waxy = waterproof and impermeable to oxygen Physical state – dehydrated Chemical inhibitors are present e.g. salts, mustard oils, organic acids, alkaloids Food reserves are crystallised in plastids

6. How long can a seed survive? Viability: When a seed is capable of germinating after all the necessary environmental conditions are met Average life span of a seed 10 to 15 years. Some are very short-lived e.g. willow (< 1 week) Some are very long-lived e.g. mimosa 221 years Record is Lupinus Arctinus: 10,000 years! Cold, dry, anaerobic conditions are very important for longevity These are the conditions which are maintained in seed banks

7. Germination: The breaking of dormancy The growth of the embryo and its penetration of the seed coat Break down the seed coat Abrasion of seed coat (soil particles) Decomposition of seed coat (soil microbes, gut enzymes) Cracking of seed coat (fire) Change in physical state – rehydration with water Destruction and dilution of inhibitors Light, temperature, water Production of growth promoters © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWSODWS

9. Some seeds have special conditions for germination… FIRE: ‘liquid smoke’ is used to promote germination SOIL MICROBES SOIL ABRASION FREZE/Thaw cycle GUT enzymes (elephant, cattle, birds) REMOVAL of inhibitors by washing (e.g. sea beans)

10. CarbohydratesStarches (amylopectin & amylose) Amylases Maltose and glucose Proteinse.g. ZeinProteasesAmino acids LipidsOilsLipasesFatty acids & glycerol The mobilisation of food reserves inside the seed The food reserves are stored as large insoluble macromolecules They are hydrolysed using enzymes to smaller soluble molecules for transport