1. Scientists throughout History: Kinetic Energy and Émilie du Châtelet Rebecca Wenning

2. Part I Historical background

3. Sir Isaac Newton 1642-1727 Discourse on vis viva (today known as energy) Newton believed: –E  mv Dutch scientist performed experiments with metal cylinders and lard: –E  v 2 Who was correct?

4. Émilie du Châtelet 1706-1749: Only recently recognized by French National Library on her 300th birthday

5. Émilie du Châtelet Fortunately for her, Émilie’s husband, 15 years older, disinterested in science and always away soldiering, allowed Émilie her “boyish” ways with books and studying.

6. In the Meanwhile… “In the year 1733 I met a young lady who happened to think nearly as I did.” “Everything about her is noble, her countenance, her tastes…her politeness.”

7. François Marie Arouet “Voltaire” 1694-1778 Interested in science Studied Isaac Newton –Familiar with visa viva

8. Cirey From 1734 until Émilie’s death in 1734, she and Voltaire lived together as friends (with the approval of her husband). Worked hard Partied hard Worked hard Partied hard

9. Exile Voltaire angered French government with his political writings Fled to Holland from political persecution –Saw work of Dutch scientist

10. The Experiment Following Voltaire’s trip to Holland, Voltaire explains to Émilie the energy experiment he saw. She is already busy: –Mathematical, philosophical, and religious papers –Paper on nature of fire (would have won competition had she not been a woman) –Paper on color (discovered infrared radiation) –First translation of Newton’s Principia

11. Dutch Experiment Kinetic energy seems to have something to do with m and v. Newton: KE  mv Dutch: …but KE  v 2 WHO IS RIGHT?

12. Part II Experimentation

13. Dutch Experiment KE (# drops) KE (# drops) Mass Velocity

14. Close of an Epoch Émilie performs the experiment and determines that E=mv 2, not E=mv. At 42, she becomes pregnant, but becomes ill with an infection and died before giving birth. “I have lost…half of myself, a soul for which my soul seems to have been made.” ~Voltaire

15. Improvements Sir Thomas Young performed the same experiment as that of the Dutch scientist and Émilie. Changed vis viva to be called “energy” Determined final form of the equation: KE=(1/2)mv 2

16. Issues to Consider I Who got credit for KE equation? Who should have gotten it? In which instances of life was Émilie oppressed as a woman scientist? Who were the people and what were the contexts under which she was oppressed?

17. Issues to Consider II Beyond “fairness” issues, what are the negative consequences of oppression of any minority group in science? Have you ever felt oppressed in science? When? Why?

18. Issues to Consider III According to S & E statistics, is there still likely oppression of women? What are some of the institutions and contexts under which women are oppressed? Are there any other minority groups in S & E that are oppressed?

19. Issues to Consider IV What are the solutions to oppression of minorities (females, in particular) in S & E? Are solutions actually needed? Maybe fewer women want S & E careers -- should there be 50-50 percentage rates?